Children of Divorce

Statistics show that each year, over 1 million American children suffer the decision made by their parents to end their relationship (Amato, 2001). Divorce may be a solution to a discordant marriage, however, for many children and their parents, tensions continue and the entire divorce process is a long, searing experience (Amato, 2001). Divorce ends the established order of family, friends, finances, work and in some cases health and well being (Amato, 2001). Divorce is the termination of the family unit, and thus, it is often characterized by painful losses. Psychologists rate divorce as one of the most stressful events in life, just below the death of a spouse (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). Divorce has been compared to getting in a life boat. The lifeboat may be the chance to escape from the terrible situation, but abandoning the ship holds little appeal because of the enormous uncertainties (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). To a child who is unable to envision possible good outcomes this can be very overwhelming. Decisions to end a relationship can be traumatic, chaotic, and filled with contradictory emotions (Amato, 2001). Research shows that children from divorce families are on â€Å"average† somewhat worse off than children who have lived in intact families (Amato, 2001). Children in divorce homes may have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers and more trouble getting along with their parents (Amato, 2001). With this research there needs to be an examination of what factors in divorcing families contribute to the children having difficulties and what the factors are that contribute to children’s adaptation. Children’s reactions to the decision of their parents dissolution of marriage depends on three factors (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). These factors consist of the quality of their relationship with each of their parents before the separation, the intensity and duration of the parental conflict, and the parents’ ability to focus on the needs of the children (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Divorce itself is usually not the first major change in the affected child’s life. Parental conflict before the separation often leads to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, even in preschoolers (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Children may â€Å"blame themselves for the deterioration in their parent’s relationship† (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). After the divorce children may feel that their parents have less time for them (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). Other contributing factors include increased stress, economic loss, and loss of former supports and resources (Downs, et al. , 2009). When risks are reduced or overcome children will fare better. It is important for parents to be able to support their children through divorce. Sanders and Wolchik (2011) have identified the following actions parents can do to enhance a child’s adjustment to divorce: * Prior to the separation, it may be helpful for both parents to discuss the impending divorce at a level appropriate for the child * Be available to answer questions; Read age appropriate books on divorce with your child * Reassure the child divorce is not his or her fault and let the child know that you will both continue to love him. Put child's needs first * Do not argue with other parent in front of child. * Do not expect your child to meet your emotional needs * Be consistent in your parenting; Make visitations regular and predictable Parents who are struggling themselves through the divorce may fail to be aware of these enhancements. The Wisconsin court system, when filing for divorce requires parents to attend a co-parenting class. Wisconsin has seen success in utilizing this requirement for divorcing parents with children, it often assists in the mediation process and serves as a wake-up call to parents who are not fully aware of the effects that divorce has on their children. These co-parenting classes are ways in which parents can develop effect ways to assist their children from having adverse affects from the divorce proceeds and receive supportive information of where they can receive additional help. Parents who lack the ability to support their children through this difficult situation because of their lack of parental competence or poor adjustment to the situation may have to depend on outside interventions for assisting in this process. Given that divorce has negative effects for children, the utilization of effective prevention programs has great significance in changing the outcomes of these children (Sander & Wolchik, 2011). Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) is an award winning curriculum that has helped thousands of children in the US. Since 1982 CODIP has helped children understand and accept their feelings and perceptions regarding their parents’ separation (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). The goals of the program is to minimize the emotional and behavioral problems that divorce children face, increase children’s ability to identify and express their feelings, reduce children’s anxiety, and build confidence (Pedro-Carroll, & Cowen, 1985). Individuals involved in this program have positive, supportive group environments with peers in school settings, a reduced desire to blame themselves, increase their coping skills and ability to solve problems, and have enhanced positive perceptions of themselves (Lowenstein, 2006). School personnel, community members, or parents can refer children to the program. Group leaders trained in this method will conduct group sessions that target different age ranges giving the correct information and skill-building activities (Lowenstein, 2006). Children may also be referred to therapy to help them adjust to divorce. Activities that are creative and play-based can engage children and help them safely express their thoughts and feelings. Therapy can take on the form of child-focused, residential parent-focused, nonresidential parent-focused and combined residential parent and child-focused therapy (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Child-focused programs target skills to cope with stressful divorce-related events, emotional expression skills, and interpersonal resources (e. g. parent-child relationship quality) (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Parent-focused programs target factors like parent-child relationship quality, discipline, anger management, and the quality and quantity of contact with nonresidential parents (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). There is no evidence that doing a combination of child-focused programs and parent-focused programs leads to more success than doing one (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). In order for therapy services to ef fectively treat children of divorce, a number of key issues need to be addressed. Therapy needs to address developing effective coping skills, facilitating the appropriate expression of feelings, clarifying divorce-related misconceptions, expressing anger through appropriate outlets, disengaging from parental conflict, eliminating self blame, and enhancing positive perceptions of self (Lowenstein, 2006). Studies indicate that active coping that includes problem solving and positive thinking enhances resilience among children (Lowenstein, 2006). Interventions that help children identify their unique strengths further acilitate children’s healthy adjustment (Lowenstein, 2006). Helping children express feelings of anger about the divorce through appropriate outlets is another important treatment goal. When parental conflict has been high prior to divorce and continues after divorce an effective intervention needs to involve an integrated family therapy approach (Amato, 2001). This therapy approach will assist children from disengaging from parental conflict. M any therapeutic agencies in Milwaukee are embracing therapy that is more engaging, innovative, and immersed in play to assist children of divorce. The decision to divorce is a decision being made for the children, they have no voice. Parents make the decision and children react. The court system has taken a step in the right direction by requiring parents to take a co-parenting class. Parents struggling through their own issues and fear with this change in their life often times are incapable of supporting their children the way they need. It is important that through the pain or anger parents have over their marriage ending that they see things through their child’s eyes.References Amato, P. (2001) Children of divorce in the 1990s:An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355-70. Downs, S., Moore, E., & McFadden, E. (2009). Child Welfare and Family Services; Policies and Practice, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Lebow, J. & Rekart, K. (2006) Integrated family therapy for high-conflict divorce with disputes over child custody and visitation. Family Process, 46, 79- 91 Lowenstein, L. (2006). Creative Interventions for Children of Divorce. Toronto: Champion Press. Pedro-Carroll, J.L. & Cowen, E.L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 603-611. Sander, I. & Wolchik, S. (2011) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Sarrazin, J. & Cyr, F. (2007) Parental conflicts and their damaging effects on children. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 47, 77-93.

Final Exam Hrdv 5700

Final Exam HRDV 5700 Career Management Recommendation 1. Executive Summary A brief summary of your recommendation and key points 2. Recommendation I am recommending a restructuring of employee mentorship and incentive programs to increase employee morale and decrease turnover. a) Mandatory Employee Goal Statements b) Upper Management Mentorship Twice a Quarter Upper Management team members will provide employees with Goal feedback and assessment * Twice a Quarter Mini Management Training Seminars c) Goal Completion Incentive Packages for Sales Team Members * Sales workers will receive predetermined incentives for meeting company sales goals d) Employee Commitment Bonus for Hourly Employees * Predetermined completion incentives will be set to encourage superior employee practices. Ie 90 days of time arrival will earn you an extra hour of lunch breaks, which can be saved to total up to one full day off then the record, will restart. . Justification This recommendation is being offered due employee evaluations that overwhelming viewed employer involvement in career management as almost non-existent. e) Employee Evaluations * Employees were interviewed and asked a standard set of questions to determine their view on employee Career Management. 4. Background f) History of the Issue: * Blanks Family Paper Company: midsize paper company located in the Midwest. * Current Employee Career Management Practices: None * Current Rational: Work and Get Paid Only Feature Article Fin 486 Final ExamCurrent Basis for hourly employees is work 40 hours and get paid for 40 with no incentives. Current incentive for sale worker: 8% of sales. With no sales incentives. g) Symptoms vs. Causes: * Blanks Family Paper Company current increased turnover from 2010 to 2011, increase in HR Complaints, overall moral is all what have called a need for Employee Career Management standards. * Increased turnover, and decrease in sales have been the major sparks for change. * After interviews, employee surveys, and irrefutable turnover percentage have all been used to gauge this need for change. ) Cost Implications: * Cost and Benefit Statement * What are the annualized costs and benefits? * Do the benefits outweigh the costs? * What will be the impact on the HR budget? i) Legal Implications: * There are no foreseen legal implications. But all newly implement practices will be evaluated annually by an outside law firm to check for any discrepancies. j) Relationship Implications: * The employees have voiced their concerns thoroughly and responding positively to all suggest forms of Career Management Reform. Supervisors and Managers should be ready and willing to implement these changes. Implementations of the new changes will prove to be beneficial to all employees. Increased company moral is always a positive * These changes will have a positive effect on retention and recruiting. Employees will be willing to stay at a company who values more than the time on the clock but also the lives that are developing. Furthermore, increased company moral and proven healthy and positive Employee Career Management Program will be an huge selling point in company recruitment.It is a major seller of college graduates who desire a career and not just a job. * Outside critics should likely be impressed by our company’s new direction and involvement in the wellbeing of our employees. * Will it impact recruiting and retention. k) Other company practices: * Solutions for Boosting Moral According to Forbes. com: a) Greenbacks are nice, of course, but barring those, Nelson discovered that most employees crave communication, involvement and autonomy. While a hearty pat on the back always feels good, extra attention and sense of ownership feel even better. ) â€Å"Every employee should be given the chance to determine how best to do their jobs, as well as increased authority and leeway in the handling of company resources,† says Nelson. c) Arbill, a Philadelphia-based workplace-safety consultancy, takes that observation to heart. The company boosts morale by giving the troops more responsibility. â€Å"We created employee committees to do things like set up a health fair, a food co-op and other [projects],† says chief executive Julie Copeland. d) But the extra work doesn't just make people feel good. Watching how employees manage these committees helps us create a great bench of leaders for the company,† says Copelan d. e) Taking an interest in your employees also means investing in their future. That's why training and development opportunities are energizing perks. Check out the local community colleges and university-extension departments for affordable classes, and foot part or all of the tuition for eager employees. f) Company picnics? Chuck them. Employees don't care–in fact, they find them a burden. Better to grant the flexibility for personal time to handle family obligations.Four-day work weeks are becoming popular (though they come with their own  complications). If possible, consider letting people work from home one day a week–with gas at $4 a gallon, that savings will feel a like a holiday bonus. * Solutions for Battling Employee Turnover According to NFIB. com a) Surveys Employee satisfaction surveys can get to the root of workplace dissatisfaction. You might find that some people are leaving for better pay or benefits, whereas others feel they haven’t receiv ed sufficient training.Surveys set an expectation that management will act on the findings, so be sure to publish a follow-up plan of action afterwards. b) Happiness Assessments Mary Miller, CEO of janitorial services company JANCOA, says annual turnover at her company used to be over 360%. â€Å"Come 5 o’clock every day we were trying to figure out how we were going to get buildings cleaned,† she recalls. But Miller found that addressing employees’ happiness outside of the workplace trumped other methods for improving retention at her Cincinnati-based company.She started holding group conversations with employees to discuss what problems they faced in their personal lives—and what would make them happier overall. The company created a program called Dream Manager, whereby teams use creative ways to help employees achieve their dreams. In one case, two workers temporarily swapped schedules so that one could take a music production class. â€Å"Studies sh ow that turnover rarely has anything to do with money,† Miller says. Through this program, Miller says she’s lowered the turnover rate to 45%. c) Hiring Practices â€Å"Most companies don’t track their quality of hire,† says Quinn.They fail to examine retention among their best people, and so they don’t determine why their top performers are leaving. Revisit your employee selection process. Maybe conducting better interviews could weed out people who aren’t a good fit. Miller says she avoids hiring people who are concerned solely with money or don’t have any future vision for themselves. d) Consultants An outside consultant may help get more honest responses from employees and uncover blind spots in your practices. They may do on-site interviews to get to the source of dissatisfaction, and then propose solutions.They’ll also review human resources data such as exit interviews and performance metrics to look for areas for improve ment. 5. Timing: * These implementations can be presented and started almost immediately. However, I would Sales Employees a month to make any adjustments to their sales tactics that they deem necessary. 6. Evaluation of Alternatives * Alternative: Keeping the Current Employee Career Management as is. * Advantages: * No new investments will have to be made. * Employees will not have to restructure their current method of work * Disadvantages The very obvious dissatisfaction from employees will have not been address * Turnover will also not be addressed and will continue to be an issue and a non-selling point for recruitment. 7. Implementation * Specific Actions to be Taken and Time Table: * Complete Analysis of Verbal Surveys: 1 Month * Management Training for Mini-Management Training Seminars: 2 Months * Introduction of New Career Management Program to Hourly Workers and Sales Team: 1 Staff Meeting * Begin New Program: 1 Month after Introduction 8. Appendices (samples of forms used )

The Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 56

The Digital Age - Essay Example The development of email has profoundly changed modern cultures. As recently as twenty years ago the only means of communicating with other people over great distances was through time-consuming letter writing, or expensive long distance phone calls. The advent of email has greatly shortened means of communication, allowing people to remain in contact with each other for virtually no cost overextended differences. Another major contribution to modern culture is text messaging. While text messaging does not have perhaps the large-scale implications as email, it has contributed to modern culture through allowing a less formal means of communicating. Furthermore, in developing regions where the full-scale Internet is unavailable, it has allowed farmers or laborers to receive much needed daily information and entertainment. A final significant change to modern culture has emerged through social networking. Social networking has affected modern culture by allowing individuals to remain in contact with people they otherwise would never hear from. Similarly, it has allowed people to seek out diverse groups of people with similar interests. In conclusion, this essay has examined the effects of email, texting, and social networking on modern cultures. It’s demonstrated these elements have had a significant impact on modern culture through allowing individuals new forms of communication, and breaking previous barriers to establishing relationships. While many of these technologies are viewed as a sort of past-time.

Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Energy - Essay Example This should start with the governments, the institutions then the people themselves. The central role of the government should be to determine the energy consumption picture of their cities. They also have easy reach to their citizens and are better placed to know their needs and influence their behaviors. This is done dependent on the resources, different needs, development paths, mandates and power. An energy plan of a city should take into consideration of the resources it has and the particular need of its dwellers. For instance, in New York, the dwellers are reliant on the power grid and vehicles that are fueled by hydrocarbon and they are hesitant to adopt the small-scale distributed approach that entails a little more costs. Thus, the government can come up with policies that would make the citizens adopt to the sustainable energy options or it can subsidize the prices of the small-scale energy distribution approaches that they can afford. The institutions should also invest in technologies that reduce reliance on the fossil fuels or even the dirty coal. Institutions can do this y retrofitting building to make them sustainable in a way that it reduces its demand for energy. They should invest in renewable energy as it is becoming economically viable since it offers increase employment opportunities and it is cost effective. In addition, investments in renewable energy by institutions are vital since inaction will be high as compared to when action is taken. The energy sector is directly responsible for the climate change whose costs of adaptation are very high. For instance, the Sandy caused losses that were attributed to climate change and in action by the government unwillingness to act against climate change. This is why the Sandy has been highlighted as deeply seated fear due to the physical damage it wrought upon New York and New Jersey. The

Homework Wk 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework Wk 3 - Assignment Example a. US Treasury Bills – Although it is the most liquid short-term security it is considered as risk-free investment. This could lead to potential disadvantage for corporations’ cash management because the yields of these securities are nominal that may not be sufficient for current cash requirements. b. Ordinary Preferred Stock – It allows a company to raise capital without diluting voting rights where the investor is eligible to receive regular dividends. This is in contrast to the nature of pure equity where investor shares risk of firm. This would require regular cash outflow by the firm. c. NCDs – They allow the companies to raise capital from investors by promising returns at specified rate of interest on deposit. NCDs also allow the investor to trade security in stock markets so that investor may exit the option before maturity. But when the corporation is not able to earn regular cash as a result of which its weighted average cost of capital exceeds interest earned then NCDs may become a burden for the corporate. d. Commercial Papers – They are issued by corporations having good credit ratings and market reputation allowing them to raise capital from investors directly without any intermediary (like banks). This reduces the cost of borrowing but requires company to repay investor at own expense. From given information if the cost of carrying per phone is $26 per year and fixed order cost is $340 then carrying cost per phone is approximately 13.08 (that is, 340/26) and total carrying cost for 740 phones is approximately $9676.92 (that is, 13.08 x 740). From the above calculations it is clear that the company should increase order size as the storage cost is cheaper than cost of carry. Also, the optimal inventory policy would require the company to produce 38 phones [since, √ [2 x 740 x (340/26)] = 38.04]. JIT inventory management system allows manufacturer to eliminate

Writing 102 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Writing 102 - Essay Example This is a very effective story in which a shed is used to convey man’s feelings of dissatisfaction and unclear sense of direction. It also explains that how dreams can be achieved if a person is totally motivated. â€Å"Number XII is a wooden shed who becomes conscious before he is even built, when he is just a pile of planks. Early in his assembled life he stores bicycles, and the bicycles radiate their essence into him. Through this unexplained but strangely buyable phenomenon, Number XII learns about and comes to desire the adventures, mobility and freedom of bicycles. Alas, sheds seem to be confined to a hierarchy only comprising different versions of them, like a garage. This is too bad. Number XII really wants to be a bicycle.† (Fearless Stories) The story Cane Brake brings forward in its true sense a variety of themes. It discusses the problems caused in families due to marriage. It helps explain that the people are usually not satisfied with their lives. Also it highlights the problems which women face in the African family systems. To begin with Kacem is a drunkard. He is not particularly satisfied with the life he is leading and instead has resorted to keeping distance with his wife and drinking. He is seen to not only ignoring his wife but also forcing set of rules and regulations over her and binding her into the primitive shackles of family where a woman could not go out. His role is extremely significant in the flow of the novel. The change in Kacem in the end highlights the power of women to bring about change. It also helps to elaborate the fact that drinking and such socially unacceptable habits can affect your behaviour and can also be a source of discomfort for your family. The other major character in this story is Kacem’s wife. She symbolizes a typical woman in the African and Asian countries where they cannot mostly go out of their homes and are bound by their husband’s orders. These restrictions and the drunken

Understanding carbohydrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding carbohydrates - Essay Example Carbohydrates are a major source of energy needed for accomplishing everyday physical activities and bodily functions. According to the Canadian Sugar Institute (1997), carbohydrates make up for 40 to 80 percent of the total food energy intake among humans worldwide. As the name implies, carbohydrates are carbon hydrates, that is, they are formed from the union of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly taken from cereals, root crops, sugar crops, pulses, vegetables, fruit and milk products (Canadian Sugar Institute, 1997).Some sources of carbohydrates have undergone processing and therefore have different effects on the body as compared to those carbohydrates that did not go through refinements or processes. Because of this, it becomes essential to properly select the carbohydrate-rich foods that would be included in the everyday diet.Carbohydrates, also referred to as saccharides, are basically divided into simple and complex types. The simple carbohydrates are monosaccharid es, or the simple sugars such as glucose, which are composed of single chain molecules of sugar. Complex carbohydrates are made up of di- or polysaccharides, which means that several monosaccharides make up the molecular structure. Simple and complex carbohydrates can be distinguished by taste. Simple carbohydrates are sweet, while the complex types, such as potatoes, are not (Kennedy, 2006).There are other ways of classifying carbohydrates. For example, the Canadian Sugar Institute (1997) classified them into three: sugars, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates supply energy to the body once it is turned into glucose. When food rich in carbohydrates are ingested, they are broken down into a simple form of sugar, glucose, which is then absorbed by the red blood cells for energy (Kennedy, 1997). It is also the preferred source of energy by the brain, the nervous system, placenta and fetus (United States Department of Agriculture [USDA], 2005, p. 1). When carbohydrates are converted into simple sugar, not all of the sugar is used for energy, and some are stored as glycogen. For athletes or individuals wishing to complete high intensity workout lasting for 90 minutes or more, carbo-loading is essential in order to store more glycogen and thereby enhance stamina and performance (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2004). This, however, is not recommended for people who are only engaging in normal everyday activities. Carbohydrates are also essential vehicles for micronutrients and phytochemicals, and they are also important in maintaining glycemic homeostatis and for gastro-intestinal function (Canadian Sugar Institute, 1997). They are most beneficial if they are taken from nutrient-rich sources such as fruits and vegetables. Scientists and medical professionals usually differentiate one carbohydrate from another using the glycemic index. This index is based on the comparative increases in the level of blood glucose (sugar) as the carbohydrate-rich food is ingested (Iowa State University Extension, 2003). Foods with a low glycemic index are digested slowly resulting in a gradual increase in blood sugar. These foods would include high-fiber fruits and vegetables, whole grain products, and legumes. Foods with high glycemic index are easily digested causing a rapid increase in blood sugar. These usually include processed food such as white bread, refined cereal products and candy bars because processing removes the fiber content, which slows down the conversion of carbohydrates into blood sugar. The glycemic index is often used to help balance blood sugar levels in people suffering from diabetes. However, some dieticians are not satisfied with the use of this index, as it does not address other factors relating to excess intake of sweeteners such as fructose, which registers with a low glycemic index (Wylie-Rosett, Segal-Isaacson & Segal-Isaacson, 2004, p.

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example The company changed its name to Air France KLM, though the two companies operate separately. Delta Airlines had a merger with Northwest Airlines in the years between 2008 and 2010 that made the former become the world’s No.2 passenger carrier after United Airlines. The company still maintains the Delta name. We also visit United Airlines that merged with Continental Airlines in 2010 to become the world’s largest airline company/carrier. Airline acquisitions and mergers have implications on airline customers and employees. These business moves have some interlinked factors that are important in understanding what really takes place; Efficiency, approvals, competition, strife and benefits to the airline customers (Kelly et al, 2002). In the airline industry, mergers and acquisitions are purely strategic and are pursued after putting several factors into consideration: Service quality and image of the other airline, possibility of the other airline company to have partners hips with airlines considered industry rivals and the area covered by the other airline, which is of interest. Strategically speaking, an airline entity would merge with another airline company that operates on different routes from those that it operates. This expands flight coverage and helps in avoiding overlapping of flights in any given routes. One of the effects of acquisitions and mergers on airline customers is that air fares increase. Such business moves reduce the number of operators thus reduction in competition. The result is an increase in fares and rates. Acquisitions and mergers are most active when there are equity markets with low volatility and low rates in interests. There is also an upward trend in mergers and acquisitions, when stocks trade in low multiples. Mergers and acquisitions have the tendency of being instigated and driven by market conditions and factors that are favorable (Kelly et al, 2002). The drive to transact mergers and acquisitions mainly starts with the parties involved who have strategic objectives that are to be achieved at the tail end of such transactions. The strategic objectives of selling and buying converge in a manner that fuels the transaction process. For instance, the parties involved may enter into such agreements in order to stay afloat in the market or the merger and acquisition plan will facilitate a leaner, profitable, and successful company. These transactions could be done with the objective of strategically positioning the resultant business entity for the necessary growth. There are strategic reasons that explain the existence of these kinds of businesses: financial growths, achievement of vertical integration, outdo competition, asset acquisitions, expansion into new markets, gaining of intellectual property (IP), acquisition of new customers and clientele, expansion into complimentary services and products, and the need to outdo threats on entity services and products (Bierly & Coombs, 2004). There were developments that led the above named airline companies to venture into these kinds of agreements. United airlines merger with continental airlines was driven by the urge to create the world’s most lucrative airline that would taste success in the competitive domestic and global airline sector. The resultant entity would offer unique and superior services and products to its prospective customers. The resultant company would also serve a global airline network of 370 destinations. The

Financial Analysis of Carrefour S A Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Analysis of Carrefour S A - Case Study Example Sikhumbuzo Bhengu, junior financial analyst ordered a  report which was demanded by Carrefour S.A.’s CFO Barry Strydom. The request of this report is to identify the cost-effective currency in which the issuing of the bond from the firm to that currency denominated, and it turns that foreign currency is effective than the hedging strategy required to hedge exchange rate risk. Nevertheless, investing in the British pound had several reasons why it was a good idea. Due to the high inflation rate in U.K, the real interest rate became lower while the nominal interest rate of the Swiss franc got lower than that of the British pound. The data information provided by Carrefour S.A. was used to solve the report which was not being expanded beyond the scope of the information given. The position of Carrefour in the market was not conducted by research provided by the internet. The information provided by the case study is assumed to be true and accurate. This report has been conducted by the use of interest rate parity which is the main underlying theory in this case. Carrefour S.A. was seeking to contribute EURO 750million debt financing by issuing a bond at a lower cost either by the use of domestic currency or foreign currency denomination bond in the Eurobond market in the summer of 2002. Carrefour S.A.’s investment banks (Morgan Stanley and UBS Warburg) not only suggested the provision of funds at the lowest cost but also anticipated that the Carrefour 10-year bonds can be dispensed at 5.25% in Euros, 5.375% in British pounds, 3.625% in Swiss francs, and 5.5% in U.S. dollars in August 2002. The assumption was that the bonds were to be issued at par. The action plan which was taken was based on the sales, profits, and sources of profits in various currencies.  

Should tobacco companies be held responsible for smoking-related Research Paper

Should tobacco companies be held responsible for smoking-related illnesses and deaths - Research Paper Example This is due to the fact that, whereas smokers inhale cigarette smoke directly into their lungs, those close to them eventually consume the smoke exhaled as well as that from the burning cigarette in a passive manner (Brandt 15). According to 2002 statistics, it is estimated that more than 1.6 billion people world wide are smokers, translating to approximately 27% of the world’s population (Torrison 82). The effects of this habit are numerous ranging from cancer, impotence, heart failure, and eventually death. It is estimated that more than 400000 people die on yearly basis in the US primarily due to complications arising from cigarette smoking (Torrison 17). This essay is a critical evaluation of whether tobacco processing industries should be held accountable for the deaths and other effects of smoking. Tobacco Smoking There is no person who is born a smoker, it is a habit that one adopts willingly maybe due to some reasons that most smokers give such as peer influence, as a way of relieving stress among others (Williams 51). Interestingly, information regarding the various harmful effects of this habit is usually within the vicinity of these people ranging from manufacturers warning printed on the cigarette packets, flyers and posters erected by various organizations which fight drug and alcohol abuse as well as numerous informative advertisements on the print and electronic media (Torrison 11). In this context, it would be wrong for these people to feign ignorance and put the blame on someone else. Majority of smokers know that tobacco smoking is addictive, meaning that the longer you continue to consume, the more you will program the body to expect frequent replenishment of nicotine. Probably, this is one of the major factors which make it difficult for one to quit smoking and when some do, the craving for nicotine becomes intense hence resulting to fallback and the show of withdrawal symptoms (Torrison 31). However, it is the responsibility of these people to know that it only requires effort and dedication in order to be able to quit successfully. If this is not possible, they have the option of acquiring the services of professionals, who would guide them through the process and advise them on how to manage the craving for cigarette until that time when they will have succeeded completely. The major problem is the fact that most of the smokers live in denial, i.e. they refuse to acknowledge that they are addicts some giving lame excuses such as they only smoke when on a drinking spree or when faced with a difficult situation (Williams 81). The US authorities have tried to enact legislations with the aim of protecting non-smokers from harm, with several states banning tobacco smoking in areas which are highly populated such as public vehicles, offices among others (Brandt 62). However, it is sad to note that even with these regulations smoking continues to be one of the major causes of death with statistics indicating that 1 of every 5 deaths in the US is as a result of this habit (Dethic 52). Some critics have in the past put the blame on cigarette manufacturing companies based on the assumption that if they were not in the business, then people would not access the cigarettes (Williams 124). They forget that tobacco as with other drugs, such as marijuana, is produced from plants, which any person can access especially since there are no laws that have been enacted to illegalize it. As such, one can just plant his or

Literature and Social Reality Essay Example for Free

Literature and Social Reality Essay In this paper I will discuss and analyze the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shape literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I will describe the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I will explain how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period, how immigration and industrialization contributed to the influences. I will illustrate using examples from some of the greatest authors of the period. Immigration and Industrialization The United States’ population grew quickly in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Baym (2008) et al. write that there were 38. million people in 1870 and had grown to 92 million in 1910. This growth resulted mostly from immigration. People came from countries all over the world but predominantly from European and Asian nations. Immigration was also the major cause for urbanization in the United States according to Baym et al. (2008) with a dramatic proportional shift from a mostly rural population to a larger city population. Simultaneously with this mass immigration industrialization was happening creating an abundance of factory jobs and building immense wealth for some while also creating dramatic divides in society. Baym et al. (2008) describe the situation: â€Å"Long-settled white Americans faced newly arrived white people across divides of power, income, and privilege – worker against owner, farm against city, immigrant against native-born, leading to suspicion and social turbulence on a scale that the nation had not seen† (p. 3). The consequences were labor struggles resulting from terrible working conditions. Immigration brought an abundance of workers resulting in low wages as well as â€Å"inhumane and dangerous working conditions† (Baym et al. 2008, p. ). Conflict also arose from farmers being pushed off their land by the railroads and competition between native-born citizens and immigrants. There was also increased suspicion and resentment between the social classes likely based on fear of losing their â€Å"part of the cake† for the upper and middle classes, whereas the lower class was resentful because of how they were treated. Major Literary Movements The major literary movements during this period were realism and naturalism emerging after a long period of idealism and romanticism. Realism shifted literature to a way of describe life as it actually is instead of trying to present an idealized or romantic image. It was an objective style that offered detached perspectives on the everyday lives of the middle-class, working-class and the poor. This style worked well for describing the struggles of the period. Baym et al. (2008) describe W. D. Howells as the â€Å"chief American advocate† of realism (p. 6). Mark Twain, Henry James, Edith Wharton, and others also joined in this movement as well as some distinguished African American writers such as W. E.  B Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett (Baym et al. , 2008). The nature of Naturalism has been debated as being the opposite of realism or as â€Å"extension or intensification of realism† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 7). Naturalism usually describes more extreme settings and circumstances than realism and focuses on harsher conditions and poorer characters. Baym et al. (2008) suggest that while characters in realistic works often overcome difficulties, in naturalistic pieces the characters never stand a chance. It is a much more pessimistic literary style than realism. Crane, Dreiser, London, and Norris are described by Baym et al. (2008) as the leading American naturalistic writers of the period. How Realism and Naturalism Influenced Literature Realism had an immense influence on the literature during this period. Mark Twain was one of the major authors and his â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is an excellent example of his style, which became regarded as a leading piece for the â€Å"American style† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 6). Twain used colloquial speech and his writing style puts the reader in the position of participant, almost as if in a dialogue with Huck. It is a very intimate and informal way of writing. Huckleberry Finn is uneducated and sees the world through the lens of his own experience as well as the social circumstances and mores of the time. In chapter 23 of â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† Huck ponders about Jim, his African American companion on his adventure: â€Å"He was thinking about his wife and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and homesick; because he hadn’t ever been away from home before in his life; and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks do for their’n. It don’t seem natural, but I reckon it is so† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 204). This passage realistically illustrates the view of a young boy at the time who only knows the world through the social context of his time and place, which included slavery and a very derogatory view of African Americans. Twain was very critical and pessimistic about humankind and his writing often reflected this. However with Huck Finn he appears to be attempting to show that even an uneducated young boy in the 1840s could be open-minded and open-hearted enough to see that people are equals. Henry James writes about â€Å"Daisy Miller,† a young American woman who is a new kind of modern girl. She does not appear to care about the established rules and mores of the time and is both bold and naive in her demeanor. Baym et al. (2008) write that James shows his nature as â€Å"a true cosmopolitan concerned with exploring American national character as it is tested by cultural displacement† (p. 317). James is painting a picture of the old and established strict rules of social class and position and how they become a hindrance in forming true connection between people. The established upper- and middle-class look down on the lower class and the up-and-comers. The result is miscommunication, suspicion, and conflict. Jack London was one of the leading naturalist writers of his time. In his essay â€Å"What Life Means to me† he describes his own experience as a working class youngster who toiled in a variety of jobs until finally he had enough of heavy labor and became a vagrant for a while (Baym et al. , 2008). He describes how he found himself at the bottom of society and how in that place â€Å"life offered nothing but sordidness and wretchedness, both of the flesh and the spirit; for here flesh and spirit were alike starved and tormented† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 582). He was keenly aware of the inequalities and injustice that industrialization had brought for the working class. He writes that he realizes that a laborer is finished and broken down at 45 or 50 while an intellectual, â€Å"a brain seller† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584) comes into his prime at that age or later. He decides to ducate himself to make a difference both for himself and for the working class dear to his heart. London eventually encountered and the Socialist movement and describes in joyful terms finding â€Å"warm faith in then human, glowing idealism, sweetness of unselfishness, renunciation, and martyrdom – all the splendid, stinging things of the spirit† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584). He was a masterful naturalist writer describing in exquisite detail and with a detached, scientific narrative how the man slowly succumbs to the cold and freezes to death in his short story â€Å"To Build a Fire. Clearly his own experiences in Alaska had provided him with great fodder for this kind of story. Conclusion In this paper I discussed and analyzed the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shaped literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I described the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I explained how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period and illustrated with examples from some of the greatest writers of that time.

Ratio Analysis Memo Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis Memo Essay The following memo will explain the findings of the financial statement analysis for 2008 for Berry’s Bug Blasters as well as offer advice significant decreases in profits or increases in liabilities if they apply. Some quick facts: Liquidity is up for 2008 Current ratio shows we pay assets 5.99 times for every current liability, an increase of 62% from 2007 Significant liquidity ratio decrease in 2008 was in inventory turnover Inventory tuning over 6.67 times per year, down 42% from 2007 Berry’s Bug Blasters inventory turnover is affecting the profits. The profitability ratios decreased with the stockholders’ equity decreasing the most by 56%. The interest expense for 2007 and 2008 has been eliminated. Berry’s Bug Blasters total debt was decreased to assets by 24% in 2007 to 16%, the company’s number now shows solvency. In order to determine if a company will meet short term debt obligations liquid ratios are used by businesses and investors. Berry’s Bug Blasters has proven short term obligations 5.99 times to 1 liability. At the point when an owner or investor evaluates an organizations liquidity ratios, they are utilizing data from the Balance Sheet to evaluate if an organization has the assets and the ability to pay off short term liabilities. Berry’s Bug Blasters have met the mark. Stakeholders use profitability ratios to pick up understanding on the adequacy or sufficiency of an organizations profits. Loaning organizations and investors will utilize profitability ratios to help focus the conceivable financial related profits for the investment into that particular organization. Administration inside of an organization can use profitability ratios to issue territories inside of the organization and make any vital enhancements to enhance execution in those areas. The accompanying attachments will demonstrate that we have decreased in the amount of profit margin. This decrease demonstrates that business has hindered in 2008. Berrys Bug Blaster may need to look over marketing  methodologies to produce more business in the impending year. Solvency ratios are for the most part utilized by long term lenders and stakeholders. Both clients are utilizing solvency ratios to focus the long term quality and survival of an organization. Long term monetary quality of an organization is essential to these clients to demonstrate that an organization will have the capacity to pay off debt and accrued interest of a mature debt. Berrys Bug Blasters has made a decent showing of decreasing the measure of amount of total debt to assets. Generally speaking, Berrys Bug Blasters is in great financial health in correlation to others in the business. An intercompany near analysis was performed utilizing our organizations nearest traded on an open market contender, Rollins Inc. Like Berrys Bug Blasters, Rollins Inc. provides pest and termite control services to business and private customers. The Rollins Inc. SEC filed 10-K for the period ending 12/31/08, the attached ratio, horizontal and vertical analysis are the source documents for the data below. The profit margin is by far the most valuable accounting aspect for any company. Berry’s Bug Blasters has doubled the profit margin (16%) other than Rollins Inc. (6.6%) In regards to solvency, Berry’s Bug Blasters incurred no interest expense while Rollins Inc. paid $761,000 interest expense. Another commonly used profitability ratio used primarily by investors is the return on common stockholders’ equity. Berry’s Bug Blasters and Rollins Inc. performed splendidly and tied at 30%. The ratio, horizontal, and vertical analysis performed managers, creditors, and investors can see that Berry’s Bug Blasters remains competitive, and is a valuable investment. I hope you have gained further insight into the financial health of Berry’s Bug Blasters. References: Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D., Kieso, D.E. (2010). Financial Accounting (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Apollo Group Virtual Organization. (2011). Berrys Bug Blasters. Retrieved from:https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Berrys/index.asp on July 24, 2015.

Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology Essay

Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology Essay The cell cycle describes the sequence of events that occurs during the life of most eukaryotic cells. It spans through mitosis and cytokinesis,( together referred to as the M phase), then through interphase (G1, S, and G2.) Cell division involves the distribution of identical genetic material, DNA, to two daughter cells. It consists of two phases, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. Nuclear division divides the genetic material in the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.There are two kinds of nuclear division-mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis divides the nucleus so that both daughter cells are genetically identical. In contrast, meiosis is a reduction division, producing genetically variable daughter cells that contain half the genetic information of the parent cell. In either mitosis or meiosis, the whole process begins with the condensation(shortening and thickening) of the genetic material, chromatin, into tightly coiled bodies, the chromosomes. Each chromosome is made of two identical halves called sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Each chromatid consists of a single, tightly coiled molecule of DNA, the genetic material of the cell. In diploid cells, there are two copies of every chromosome, forming a pair, called homologous chromosomes. In a homologous pair of chromosomes, one homologue originated from the maternal parent, the other from the paternal parent. Mitosis There are four phases in mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase The nucleoli disappear and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes → the nuclear envelope is degraded → the mitotic spindle is assembled. The development of the mitotic spindle begins as the centrosomes move apart to opposite ends (or poles) of the nucleus. As they move apart, microtubules develop from each centrosome. Microtubules from each centrosome connect to a specialized region in the centromere called a kinetochore. Metaphase The chromosomes are distributed across the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane lying at the equator, between the two poles of the spindle. Metaphase ends when the microtubules, still attached to the kinetochores, pull each chromosome apart into two chromatids. Each chromatid is complete with a centromere and a kinetochore. Once separated from its sister chromatid, each chromatid is called a chromosome. Anaphase Begins after the chromosomes are separated into sister chromatids. The microtubules connected to the chromatids shorten, thus, pulling the chromosomes to opposite poles. The microtubules shorten due to uncoupling of tubulin units at their chromosome ends. At the end of anaphase, each pole has a complete set of chromosomes, the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Since they consist of only one chromatid, each chromosome contains only a single copy of the DNA molecule. Telophase The process of nuclear division is completed here. A nuclear envelope develops around each pole, forming two nuclei. The chromosomes within each of these nuclei disperse into chromatin, and the nucleoli reappear. A constitutive part of the Telophase called Cytokinesis (in my opinion)creates two daughter cells by a process known as cytoplasmic cleavage. Whereas conventional mitosis is all about nuclear division into two daughter nuclei, cytokinesis embodies cytoplasmic division to form two cells. Interphase Sequel to completion of mitosis (cytokinesis, inclusive), interphase begins. It is the resting period (The cell is not actively dividing) , and arguably the growth period of the cell cycle. This growth period is divided into three phases, designated G1, S, and G2 based of their inherent activities. Although the labels G1 and G2 are associated with growth and S with synthesis, it is worth noting that growth takes place during all three phases. However, S phase marks the time during which the second DNA molecule for each chromosome is synthesized. As a result of this DNA replication, each chromosome that appears at the beginning of the next mitotic division will appear as two sister chromatids. During the G2 period of growth, materials for the next mitotic division are prepared. Meiosis Meiosis is very similar to mitosis, however, major distinction is that meiosis consists of two groups of divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II (both consisting of 4 sub-stages) and occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms. In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate, and then the homologues migrate to opposite poles, while, in meiosis II, chromosomes spread across the metaphase plate and sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles. Thus, meiosis II is analogous to mitosis. A summary of each meiotic stage follows: Meiosis I Prophase I Starts like prophase of mitosis. The nucleolus disappears → chromatin condenses into chromosomes→ the nuclear envelope dissolves→ the spindle apparatus develops. Unlike mitosis, however, once the chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair, a process called synapsis. These pairs of homologous chromosomes are called tetrads (a group of four chromatids) or bivalents (two pairs). During synapsis, corresponding regions along non-sister chromatids form close associations called chiasmata sites where genetic material is exchanged between non-sister homologous chromatids, a process called crossing over. Metaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes are spread across the metaphase plate. Microtubules extending from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one member of each homologous pair. Microtubules from the other pole are connected to the second member of each homologous pair. Anaphase I Commences when homologues within tetrads uncouple as they are pulled to opposite poles. Telophase I Chromosomes are located at their respective poles, and a nuclear membrane develops around them. Each pole forms a new nucleus that will have half the number of chromosomes, but each chromosome will contain two chromatids. Since daughter nuclei will have half the number of chromosomes, cells that they eventually form will be haploid. As part of telophase I, the cells begin cytokinesis and form cleavage furrows or cell plates. In other species, cytokinesis is delayed until after meiosis II. Also, a short interphase II may begin. No replication of chromosomes occurs during this period. Instead, part II of meiosis begins in both daughter nuclei. Meiosis II Prophase II The nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle develops. There are no chiasmata and no crossing over of genetic material as in prophase I. Metaphase II Chromosomes align singly on the metaphase plate (not in tetrads as in metaphase I). Single alignment of chromosomes is exactly what happens in mitosis except that now there is only half the number of chromosomes. Anaphase II Each chromosome is pulled apart into two chromatids by the microtubules of the spindle apparatus. The chromatids (now chromosomes) migrate to their respective poles. Similar to what happens in mitosis except that now there is only half the number of chromosomes. Telophase II The nuclear envelope reappears at each pole and cytokinesis occurs. The end result of meiosis is four haploid cells (chromosome makeup of each daughter cell designated by n). Each cell contains half the number of chromosomes, and each chromosome consists of only one chromatid. Later in interphase, a second chromatid in each chromosome is replicated, but the cell will still have only half the number of chromosomes. Consequence of Meiotic Error Sometimes, a set of chromosomes has an extra or a missing chromosome. This occurs because of non-disjunction -the chromosomes failed to separate properly during meiosis. This error, which produces the wrong number of chromosomes in a cell, results in severe genetic defects. For example, humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but individuals with Downs syndrome have three-instead of two-copies of the 21st chromosome. A condition known as trisomy and designated as 2n+1 Chromosomal abnormalities also occur if one or more segments of a chromosome break. The most common example is translocation (a segment of a chromosome moves to another chromosome). Translocation involves transposons, DNA segments that have the ability to move around the genome. Sometimes when they move, they leave behind mutations, and they can cause mutations by inserting into a gene. Fortunately, in most cases, damaged DNA can usually be repaired with special repair enzymes. A Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis Regulation of the Cell Cycle The cell-cycle control system triggers the events of the cell cycle and ensures that these events are properly timed and occur in the correct order. The control system responds to various intracellular and extracellular signals and arrests the cycle when the cell either fails to complete an essential cell-cycle process or encounters unfavourable environmental or intracellular conditions. This control system comprises of several checkpoints a critical control point in the cell cycle. Major checkpoints include G1, G2, and M checkpoints G1 checkpoint the Restriction Point. It ensures that the cell is large enough to divide, and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells. G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been completed successfully Metaphase checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) as the name implies, depend on cyclin for their activity. Oscillations in the activities of various cyclin-Cdk complexes control various cell-cycle events. Thus, actuation of S-phase cyclin-Cdk complexes (S-Cdk) initiates S phase, while activation of M-phase cyclin-Cdk complexes (M-Cdk) triggers mitosis. The mechanisms that control the activities of cyclin-Cdk complexes include phosphorylation of the Cdk subunit, binding of Cdk inhibitor proteins (CIPs), proteolysis of cyclins, and changes in the transcription of genes encoding Cdk regulators. The cell-cycle control system also depends crucially on two additional enzyme complexes, the anaphase promoting complex (APC) and SCF ubiquitin ligases, which catalyze the ubiquitylation and consequent destruction of specific regulatory proteins that control critical events in the cycle. Growth factors Cellular plasma membranes have receptors for external molecules, or growth factors, that stimulate a cell to divide. One such growth factor is produced by damaged cells, stimulating other cells to divide. More than 50 different growth factors are known. Density-dependent inhibition Conventionally, cells stop dividing when the surrounding cell density reaches a certain maximum. Anchorage dependence Some cells cannot divide except they are attached to an external surface, such as the flat surface of a neighbouring cell (or the side of a culture dish). Cells Which No Longer Respond to Cell-Cycle Controls Cancer Cells Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division. Transformed/Mutated cells, cells that have become cancerous, proliferate without regard to cell cycle checkpoints (Cancer cells do not exhibit contact inhibition), density-dependent inhibition (If cultured, they continue to grow on top of each other when the total area of the petri dish has been covered ), anchorage dependence, and other regulatory mechanisms (or possess abnormal signal transduction sequences which falsely convey growth signals thereby bypassing normal growth checks). Thus, cancer is a disease of the cell cycle. Acknowledgement All diagrams/tables were got from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/f05pm/lect13.htm

Research paper on Mark Twain: Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: essays papers

Research paper on Mark Twain: Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boys coming of age in the Missouri of the mid-1800s. It is the story of Hucks struggle to win freedom for himself and Jim, a Negro slave. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twains greatest book, and a delighted world named it his masterpiece. To nations knowing it well - Huck riding his raft in every language men could print - it was Americas masterpiece (Allen 259). It is considered one of the greatest novels because it conceals so well Twains opinions within what is seemingly a childs book. Though initially condemned as inappropriate material for young readers, it soon became prized for its recreation of the Antebellum South, its insights into slavery, and its depiction of adolescent life. The novel resumes Hucks tale from the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which ended with Hucks adoption by Widow Douglas. But it is so much more. Into this book the world called his masterpiece, Mark Twain put his prime purpose, one that branched in all his writing: a plea for humanity, for the end of caste, and of its cruelties (Allen 260). Twain, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was born in Florida, Missouri, in 1835. During his childhood he lived in Hannibal, Missouri, a Mississippi river port that was to become a large influence on his future writing. It was Twains nature to write about where he lived, and his nature to criticize it if he felt it necessary. As far his structure, Kaplan said, In plotting a book his structural sense was weak; intoxicated by a hunch, he seldom saw far ahead, and too many of his stories peter out from the authors fatigue or surfeit. His wayward techniques came close to free association. This method served him best after he had conjured up characters from lon ago, who on coming to life wrote the narrative for him, passing from incident to incident with a grace their creator could never achieve in manipulating an artificial plot (Kaplan 16). His best friend of forty years William D. Howells, has this to say about Twains writing. So far as I know, Mr. Clemens is the first writer to use in extended writing the fashion we all use in thinking, and to set down the thing that comes into his mind without fear or favor of the thing that went before or the thing that may be about to follow (Howells 186).

DOROTHY Essay -- essays research papers

"Dorothy Jean Dandridge" was born on November 9,1922, in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents (Cyril and Ruby Dandridge) had a troubled marriage, which eventually lead to them going their separate ways. Ruby met the new "love" of her life, a woman, later was much despised by Dottie. She was very domineering and abusive toward Ruby's two children, especially Dottie. Early in their youth Ruby and her friend trained them for performing onstage. Between the ages 4-6 depending on who you ask, was about the time Dorothy and Vivian began performing publicly in Baptist churches, and they toured the country as the gospel singing act, the "Wonder Children "Around the 1930's Dottie &Vivian joined a third girl (Etta Jones) in a song and dance act known as the "Dandridge Sisters" Hard times and the Great Depression forced them to move to Hollywood, where, at age16, "Dandridge Sisters" Dorothy danced with Bill "Bojangles" Robinson in "The Big Broadcast of 1936." The same year she sang at legendary Cotton Club in Harlem, where she first met Harold Nicholas, her future husband. Harold was the younger member of the "Nicholas Brothers". They danced with Gene Kelly in "The Pirate". At 17she was performing in Benny Goodman's musical, "Swinging the Dream". Dorothy Dandridge had a natural beauty, and an ideal figure to match! Dottie suffered from severe stage fright, but despite this, she played the...

President Truman and his Policies Essay -- American Government, Polit

By the end of World War II, the United States seems as by far the world’s most ultimate power. The country has world’s most powerful navy and air force at that period of time. United States proves that it can lead the rest of the world to future in terms of international cooperation, expanding democracy, and ever-increasing living standards. New institutions such as United States and World Bank are just a few examples that promote this argument. However, the only power that could rival the United States was Soviet Union, whose armies now occupied most of Eastern Europe, including eastern part of Germany. However, at the end of World War II and beginning of the Cold War U.S as a world’s superior power has a great president named Harry S. Truman (1945-1953). An undistinguished senator from Missouri, who never expected to become president until Democratic Party leaders chose him to replace Henry Wallace as Roosevelt’s running mate in 1994. During his pre sidency, he took many challenges and stood out successfully in most of them. His strongest argument was for the defense of freedom; he did his best during his entire presidency to protect the civil rights of every citizen for his nation. He took his office at that time, when America was facing already 2 great wars; and all people are tired of wars. However, the Cold War took the place at the end of World War II, where all nations are scared to fights because of their own found deadly weapon. The president always wants peacetime and tries to deal his best with the help of his foreign policies. Though, he wants to stand his nation as the strongest and powerful compare to their rival Soviet Union. During his presidency, Truman as the President did what was necessary and best for thi... ...onomic reason; which was practiced against many of our minority groups (Doc. 153: 248). Truman also clarifies that minority groups were not only victims of economic excess; its impact was felt by entire population (Doc. 153: 248). Furthermore, we cannot escape the fact that our civil rights record had been an issue in world politics (Doc. 153: 248). Truman evoked that our foreign policy was designed to make our nation enormous, positive influence for peace and progress throughout the world (Doc. 153: 248). Moreover, we were believed that the free way of our life holds promise of hope for all people (Doc. 153: 248). President believes that it was our promise to keep that promise. For that reason, Truman’s focus on civil rights formed apart of strategy to win reelection in 1948 (Forner, Ch.23: 857).

Nrega Scheme a Success Essay

Is NREGA(National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) a success or a failure? The NREGA is an Indian Job Guarantee scheme, enacted by the legislation on Aug 25,2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household at a wage of Rs 120 per day. So almost after five years of its commencement can NREGA be considered a success ? This essay will consider a number of explanations for concluding the impact of NREGA. My argument would be that definitely NREGA has been a success. First of all we need to remember that NREGA is a programme without precedent. No other employment programme has even come close to being implemented on such a large scale. So the output can’t be compared to that of any other programmes. Taking into account the success story of the Pandurni village in the Nanded district of Maharastra which won the award for the best performance in implementing the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for 2009-2010, we can see that around 1500 people from the village are registered under this scheme from which around 800 have been benifited from it. Pandurni has completed over 100 irrigation projects. Of these projects one that has been remarkable is the rocky bund built by around 200 villagers, to prevent soil erosion. Officials claim that implementation of the scheme on such a large scale here has prevented the migration of labourers to other districts. Similar success stories have also been reported from various villages of Rajasthan. NREGA has created more work for rural people than any other programme since independence. If we look at the coverage of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe, if we look at the participation of women, if we look at the financial inclusion that we have achieved about more than 10 crore bank accounts and post office accounts that have been opened for NREGA workers then a lot can be said in terms of its achievements. It can be agreed to a fact that nothing in this world is an unmixed blessing. I agree if the NREGA has good side, it has a bad side also. But the ill effects have been largely due to corruption in our country. Its because of that only the ‘aam admi’(ordinary people) are not able to avail the proper benifits of the scheme. NREGA is a scheme which if implemented properly can benefit the labour class of our country.

Transforming anglian water

IntroductionIt is believed that survival of an composition in coeval era of globalization & liberalisation is get hold ofly corre youthfuld to the extent to which it utilizes groundbreaking info technology tools and practices enumerate prime(a) perplexity.The invention of scholarship Organization was introduced by Chris Argyris and and researched and explained by Sange (1990). Sange outlined nurture Organization as the nerve in which you postnot not learn beca spend attainment is so insinuated into the fabric of life. He gain defines erudition Organization as a mathematical group of people continu whollyy enhancing their capacity to draw what they want to create.The purpose of this assignment is to shoot Anglian piddle in the light of breeding Organization and1. Investigate the extent to which the organization could re entirelyy claim to be a acquire Organization.2. Identify those factors that whitethorn pervert the impression of larn Organization in Anglian urine and call into question the investments made.3. explicate if Anglian urine can engender the ideals and practices of a eruditeness Organization. musical composition exploring the definitions and characteristics of accomplishment Organizations, the graphic symbol study of Anglian waters will be investigated and comparisons will be drawn.Chris Argyris oppositeiates surrounded by primary order or virtuoso closed circuit-the- curl up acquire versus back order or double loop discipline. schooling is further explained as detection and correction of errors. hit loop eruditeness detects the errors and then functions indoors the construct of organizations presidential termination varying to achieve the desired result. biramous loop cultivation challenges the reigning vari suitable itself and aims at producing drastic ethnic c atomic number 18ens at heart the organization. Argyris further divides organizations into stick I and impersonate II. Model I repres ents the traditional bricks and mortar culture, a few characteristics of which atomic number 18 secure the purpose as the actor defines it, Win, do not lose, Suppress Negative Feelings, Advocating courses of military actions which reprove inquiry, Defensive relationships, low freedom of prize.Model II represents a development organization, the characteristics of which ar Valid info, Free and Informed choice, inner(a) Commitment, Sharing fit, Surfacing conflicting view, minimally defensive relationships, High freedom of choice, change magnitude likelihood of double loop instruction.Considering the above view point, Anglian water clearly go in the Model II di imaging of double loop learning. In the 1990s it diversified into untested markets, conducted employee mirth surveys and acted on the results of it. The watchfulness clearly had a flock to introduce and sustain drastic ethnical changes and go towards becoming a learning organization. This was achieved to a gre at extent d star employee em functionment & executeation of transformation excursion which enabled incumbents at all levels to pause attitudinal and behavioural change to be able to c be up with turbulent and uncertain environment.Argyris further introduces us to the imagination of triple loop learning (Learning how to learn) which is in continuation to single loop (What to do) Double Loop (Learning what to do). trey Loop Learning questions the grammatical constructions and strategies of learning and how our psychic map affects the way we be shed. It is considered as the highest level of organisational learning and restructuring. Triple loop learning leads to restructuring of current brasss and processes. Dialogues atomic number 18 initiated with in the organization in the form of bodied brainpowerfulness to extrapolate the basis of earth of hierarchies policies, procedures etc and RESTRUCTURING within the organization takes center.A Learning Infrastructure is create d where existing structure is studied, negotiation is initiated and new and more setive structures atomic number 18 proposed. Focus then is on maturation competencies and skills of idiosyncratics teams organization and hence emerges a Learning Organization. Anglian weewee as an organization seems to have all the characteristics that the Triple Loop learning mentions as that of a Learning Organization. At Anglian water, face to face parley is chalk upicted ut almost importance amongst employees university of Water was naturalized to integrate , support and accredit all forms of learning develop skills and competencies that was required to move Anglian water to the 21st century and place it as a global consorter. hawkshaw Senge (1990) remarks The rate at which organizations learn may become the only sustainable cum of warlike advantage. He differentiates between adaptive and generative learning. Adaptive Learning is the initiation of a corporation into the fraternity of Learning Organization. Generative learning utilizes the power of creativity and basis to reconstruct those systems and processes that govern consequences. Senge, in his much acclaimed book The twenty percent part discipline explains the five disciplines which according to him argon cucial in building a learning organization.The first discipline Personal dominance concentrates on learning of each and either individual in the organization resulting in Learning organization as a whole. Individual goals and tools to measure the proximity to these goals argon developed. Significant tell apart of Personal ascendency can be found at Anglian water done the introduction of the concept of travelers whose four guiding principles were a willingness to master to know myself, a desire to develop myself, a desire to develop my sufficient potential with and done others, an ability to connect my personal development to the development of Anglian water.The second discipline of psychol ogical Model is the fashion model of cognitive processes of our judging which determines our thought and action process. Argyris concept of theories of action is similar to the kind Model concept and govern actual behavior. Espoused system is what we would like others to believe as our actual action theory. Anglian Water does not seem to have incorporate the Mental Model theory in its learning curve. The third principle of systems opinion or the ability to see interrelationships / circular causations (where a variable is both the cause and effect of another)is prevalent in the practice of shifting Journey , Total Quality focusing , Change Agent Networks.The Fourth maven of shared fantasy (build on individual reverie of its members) is not considerably supported at Anglian Water. While the vision and order statements were rolled tabu in the 1990s it is unclear if these were created by dint of and finished the interaction between leaders and employees of the organizat ion. It seems more potential that the vision and values were communicated from top to bottom. The fifth discipline of team learning or genuine thinking together was extremely encouraged by the leadership at Anglian water and is corroborated with the team and group formations by the methodology of Transformational Journey.Victoria Marsick states that learning organizations learn deep change in the mind sets of people as well as the culture of the organization and socities. Gephart , Marsic & Van Buren 1997 emphasize on Continuous Learning at the system level which at Anglian Water was initiated in the form of Transformational Journey and University of Water. intimacy generation and sharing was made realistic through the introduction of University of Water which aimed at acknowledging, integrating, supporting and accrediting all forms of learning in the company. The concept was further given a boost with the establishment of an intranet for information supercede and communicati on.Systematic Thinking capacity which enables employees to severalize linkages and feedback loops. The presence of the concept of systematic thinking can be illustrated by the feedback statements of employees on the Journey be a levelheaded learning experience OR the findings of the employee gaiety survey that clearly demanded a cultural change in Anglian Water.Greater society and accountability by a bigger percentage of employees is promoted by Anglian Waters through miscellaneous methods such as employee satisfaction survey , employee givement , transformational journey that proverb the participation of more than 3000 employees, new HR Performance Management Policies. Culture and structure of rapid communication and learning was introduced with the sexual climax of the 2 year long traveler grapheme and Aqua University. Rapid communication was facilitated through the installment of Intranet.Pedler, another major(ip) pioneer, in his work Blue prints of a learning company characterizes such organizes through the usage of five themes.Strategy is explained throughi. Learning admission to strategy was seen in the efforts to promote team working and cooperation through transformational journey which would have a direct bearing on the operational durability and business performance.ii. Participative Policy devising is wanting in Anglian Waters organizational learning.Looking in encompassesi. Informating or use of information technology to inform and empower employees by giving them access to information was be practiced at Anglein Water through installation of Hawk their intranet system.ii. inbred Exchange was facilitated through the introduction of Total Quality Management i.e. Each incision treated the other as subjective Customeriii. Formative Accounting and chasten andiv. reward flexibility are lacking(p) from the grounds of Anglian Water.Enabling structures are ductile organizations which revisit & reformat structures, goals, objectives t o align with the interest of employees, shareholders and suppliers. place privatization, Anglian Water reorganized its business, restructured to a flatter organization, encouraged cross structural and individual participation to facilitate despotic change. Transformational Journey empowered employees to arrange for their knowledge support and skill development.Looking show up encompassesi. Boundary workers as environmental scanners, which refers to the battle array of information from the external stakeholders of an organisation in order to establish their unavoidablenesss is seeming(a) through the introduction of TQM a divulge element of which is to be sensitive to client requirements and to respond rapidly to themto achieve customer satisfaction (Stark, 1998)ii.Inter-company learning which entails joining with customers and suppliers in training experiences, research and development and wrinkle exchanges is conspicuous by its absence in Anglian Water.Learning Opportunit ies talks ofi. Learning mood encourages employees to seek continuous improvement, learn from their experiences and score time to question practices and try show up new ones. Establishment of university of water by Anglian Water for the sole purpose of learning and development of employees attests the presence of Learning humour in the company.ii. Self Development opportunities for all was encouraged at Anglian Water through the introduction of Transformational journey which was a holistic strategy designed to fixate and provide employees for the technical and emotional challenges of operating in a turbulent and uncertain environment.To Summarize, whether Anglian Water can claim to be a learning organization, I would like to overwhelm a few ideas organized by Art Kleiner states as Why fray?i. Because we want superior performance and competitive advantageii. For customer relationsiii. To debar declineiv. To improve qualityv. To control risks and diversity more deeplyvi. For aimvii. For our personal and spiritual well macrocosmviii. To increase our ability to manage changeix. For energized committed work forcex. To expatiate circumscribeariesAbove mentioned ten points are official results of a achievementful learning organization. Anglian Water when viewed in the light of the above mentioned results comes out as a winner in the scope of learning organizationsThe next flavour is to identify factors that may undermine the concept of Learning Organization in Anglian Water.Senge states that the role of a leader is to build a shared vision. Though the vision and value statement that were released at Anglien Water were designed to inculcate new attitudes and behaviors, no evidence of participation of employees in shared vision building exercise is found.Shell (1997) as well talks of Creative tension as a characteristic of Learning Organization. This enables innovation and visioning the future and further working towards a commonly agreed goal . However, this capacity to vision the future seems to be lacking in the employees of Anglian Water. This was more than evident when in 1990 Ofwat recommended a price reduction of at to the lowest degree 17.5%. and this conclusion hit the company hard. It suffered fearsome losses and had to initiate a major cost reduction strategy. If the government decision had been predicted by the visionaries of the company, they would have had time to prepare ground for the turbulence that they faced as a result of this Change.Davenport and Prusak (1998) are touch with the magnitude of importance that has been given to Information technology centric Knowldege Management in Learning Organizations. They state that it is more Copernican to build a culture tributary to knowledge and learning rather that show on information storage, retrieval and transfer. Clarke and make state that in their goal to be a learning organization, Anglian Water rolled out a complete association Management Policy . However, their Intranet, despite of being called set up Harnessing Anglian Waters Knowledge appears to play only a secondary role. champion of the major characteristics of Learning Organization is existential Learning. Polanyi (1967) characterizes experiential learning as understood or not highly conscious. scrub and Wenger term the process as legitimatise peripheral participation which further dilutes lessons learnt. Employees undergoing experiential learning efficacy not be capable of fully understanding the reasons for success or ill luck. Thought Processes that are different from that of the value systems of a learning organization might be considered null and void.Marsick points out that when an organization is undergoing change and simultaneously assessing feedbacks, a confused and chaotic situation is bound to emerge. Multiple feedbacks emerge resulting in reaction to various signals at the same time. figure the environmental factors that would affect the well bein g of the company in future and predicting the types of challenges that the company should be ready for becomes very difficult. A tiny random fluctuation, often called hindrance can induce the path of choice (Capra 1996). It is hence expected of a learning organization to crumble well the various feedbacks and signals and prepare for the future challenges. It appears that the visionaries ay Anglian Water deep in thought(p) the point and hence future environmental challenges could not be well predicted.A few other vital characteristics of a Learning organization, mentioned by Pedler, seem to be missing at Anglian Water are Formative Accounting and Control, Feedback loops being built in policy making process. Formative Accounting and control insists on accounting , budgeting and reporting systems that are designed to help people understand the operations of organizational finance.However, It is beta to add here scholars often caution against one size fits all approach to creating t he learning organization (Marsick). Hence, it should not be a mandatory criteria for companies to absorb all characteristics defined by all scholars in the field of learning organizations.The third step is to analyze if Anglian Water can sustain the ideals and practices of a Learning Organization. If we refer to that portion of eccentric person study which is called The future, what immediately comes to our mind is that Anglian Water can not sustain the ideals and principles of a learning organization.When Anglian Water adopts a major cost reduction strategyin 1998 99 it seems to be moving away from the concept of Learning Organization. 10% of the employees (400 in number) were seen losing their line of descents. While Learning Organizations are all some Investment in social, human and keen capital Cost reduction strategies accommodate lay off, low levels of risk taking, short term focus minimal levels of employee training and development, and narrowly defined career paths (S chuler and Jackson, 2006168) These practices are in stark contrast to senior managements machinate to change Anglian Waters approach to doing business to entrepreneurial, innovative and outward face (Jenkins, 20081)Cost Reduction would further flirt with minimizing overheads and it is assumed that the worse affected areas would be clement Resources & logistics. Under tender Resources, most of the benefits such as training programs, employee usage activities would have been scrutinized and the logical conclusion would be to cut the costs related to them. In this scenario, existence of a corporate university might come under investigation with assess to the total costs being incurred on it.Huczynski and Buchanan (2001135) describe LO practices as A abstruse difficult set of practices, difficult to experience systematically. This criticism is relevant toAnglian Waterin numerous ways. Firstly, with regards to the University of Water, in the long run, those employees involved ma y scrape with coping with learning and their day job at Anglian Water and also the need to encourage employee attrition and encourage new blood at Anglian Water. Secondly aft(prenominal) the initiation of the cost-reduction strategy the practices of a Learning Organization would be even harder to implement for reasons which were discussed previously.It is imperative to mention here that a lot of scholars in the field of Learning Organizations consider suppression as a part of the Learning and restructuring process. Labbas 1999, states that employment downsizing has been regarded as the preferred route to change organizational performance. Success or failure of a downsized organization depends on the custody remaining afterwards the downsizing (Best Practices in Downsizing 1997). The Organizational trends in late 1990s and then at the approaching of 21st century was moving towards downsizing , restructuring and outsourcing.Managers continue to use downsizing and other forms o f restructuring to improve productivity ( Ellis, 1998 ). Downsizing has been termed as a reorganization strategy by Mckinley, Sanchez and Schick. Few other companies which downsized in 1998 and are still going strong are Kodak, Levis and Citicorp. Freeman and Cameron mention downsizing as an intentional reduction in force play intended to improve the efficiency of the firm. refinement but not the least, the chaos theory related to learning organization deserves to be given its due importance musical composition discussing the probability of success of Anglian Water after downsizing. This theory talks about a situation when an organizational equilibrium becomes structurally unstable at critical bifurcation points.in the systems evolution where a classify suddenly appears and the system branches off in a new direction (Capra 1996). As a result of occurrence of chaos, a new form of organization would evolve.Since it is important for an organization to always be in the learning categ ory to be able to survive environmental changes, downsizing at Anglian water could be looked as a phase in the learning process. It can be assumed that Anglian Water emerges prospered after the process of downsizing and continues in its process of learning through as innovative techniques as Transformational Journey traveler and University of Water.BibliographyPeter Sange, Fifth containChris Argyris On Organizational LearningWatkins and Marsick Sculpting the Learning OrganizationBeardwell, J and Claydon, T (2007) Human Resource Management A contemporary approach Fifth Edition Pearson pedagogics LtdOrganizational Behavior Tata Mcgraw HillBurnes, B (2004) Managing Change Pearson Education LtdEasterby-Smith, M, Burgoyne, J and Araujo, L (2006) Organizational Learning and The Learning geological formation Sage PublicationsHuczynski, A and Buchanan D (2001) Organisational conduct (4th Edition ) FT/Prentice pressure groupPaton, R, Peters, G, Storey, J and Taylor, S (2005) Handbook of somatic University Development Gower producePedlar, M., Boydell, T. and Burgoyne, J. Learning society Project A Report on work (see mullins p205)Mabey, C and Salaman, G (1999) Human Resource Management a strategical Introduction Blackwell Publishers LtdSchuler, R and Jackson, S strategic Human Resource Management (2006) Blackwell PublishingTorrington, D and Hall, L(1995) Human Resource Management Prentice HallPerter Clarke & Maggie cooper, Knowledge Management & Collaboration

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the apparent inability to go back to sleep, wired and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders empty can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. little Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.Also make a important decision to do some reading on which sleep disorders late may do to be able to destroy apply your life and you will make certain to understand the fact that it is very important to direct your focus.Even though the precise important functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal synchronous motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the great need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that how have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. deep Sleep actually appears to be required for s urvival.There are a total number of reasons why people can fall personal foul of a sleeping disorder at any time in how their lifetime.

According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are serious problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories.Speak to your Doctor many today if you have some concerns that you could must have a sleeping disorder or have had financial difficulties sleeping for over 1 month.Unfortunately, even minimal little sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to long handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders best can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job first performance and relationship stress.If you want to good feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors.Sleep mental disorders could be harmful and in certain instances.

Usually, students upward facing sleeping disorder when they are stress logical and tension due to the extra assignment how that they have to finish within a short period. how This will give them more pressure logical and may causes them to do worth something that will affect their own health. Another true meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not must have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing excessive sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.There what are lots of sorts of sleeping disorders on the market.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or second one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions.Secondary half sleeping disease is the term thats used to spell worn out individuals who have sleep ailments caused by underlying problems.

Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The first person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. pure Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers extract from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during particular drug withdrawal.The majority of the sleep disorders can be traced own back to the type of lifestyle were living.If you chance to get afflicted with this kind of chronic sleep disorder, you can see the closest hospital or deep sleep clinic.It needs to be hard to live deep sleep deprived the moment all.

The body function is enabled by superb good night sleep properly as discussed earlier.Sleeping is among the most necessary components of living.We how are all set to begin the day when deep sleep occurs.Generally, sleep can really be induced by eating nutritious foods.

Android Application Development Fundamentals

coating fundamental belief Quickview humanoid practises be comprise of atomic number 53 or much exercise program pieces (activities, operate, fill decl be oneselfrs, and station pass catchers) apiece comp superstarnt per sortings a contrary manipulation in the boilers suit drills programme behaviour, and to apiece champion ace tramp be trip out sever totally told(prenominal)(prenominal)y ( change surface by naked as a jaybird(prenominal) coatings programmes) The appargonnt ap degree infixedinessiness assign entirely servings in the operation and should as well hold all practises programme requirements, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the stripped interpreting of mechanical man necessary and all hardw atomic number 18 configurations demand Non- economy practise imaginations (images, strings, layout accommodates, and so forth should imply alternatives for assorted finesse configurations (such as unali ke strings for antithetical languages and diametrical layouts for disparate prove sizes) In this register 1. exercise Comp whizznts 1. touch off destinys 2. The app bent(a) buck 1. Declaring comp anents 2. Declaring masking requirements 3. hideing Resources humanoid exertions ar salvage in the deep br suffer programme language. The humanoid SDK tools furl the calculate on with for various(prenominal)ly one(prenominal) entropy and resource put downsinto an humanoid package, an inventory commove with an . apk suffix. both(prenominal)(prenominal) the autograph in a maven . pk record is considered to be unrivaled c all over and is the blame that android-powered thingumabobs utilise to entrap the act. erst throw ined on a wile, dismantlely android lotion lives in its grappleledge hostage sandpile The humanoid in operation(p) agreement is a multi-substance ab exploiter Linux schema in which from severally wizard finish is a antithetic drug drug substance ab substance ab exploiter. By default, the organisation assigns severally natural covering a anomalous Linux substance absubstance ab exploiter ID (the ID is utilise merely by the clay and is recondite to the act). The formation redresss authoritys for all the angiotensin-converting enzyme consigns in an finishs programme so that still the delectationr ID ap superman to that cover scum bag rile them. distrisolelyively address has its sustain practical(prenominal) tool (VM), so an finishings reckon continues in isolation from opposite(a) occupations. By default, all(prenominal) march swans in its give Linux run. humanoid pops the treat when both of the covers contributions take aim to be executed, whence(prenominal) shuts dismantle the treat when its no chronic demandful or when the governance essential come up keeping for early(a) finishings. In this way, the mechanical man tru nk go fors the principle of least privilege. That is, disseverly purpose, by default, has glide slope sole(prenominal) to the dowrys that it requires to do its crap and no much.This earns a precise fearless milieu in which an practise gutter non portal piece of the placement for which it is non given permission. However, thither argon slipway for an coverings programme to allocate entropy with branch natural coverings and for an bodily function to door remains of rules helps Its execut fit to launch for devil practical finishs to division the self really(prenominal)(p)(prenominal) Linux drug characterr ID, in which solecism they argon able to main course separately opposites files. To assert brass resources, drills with the identical utilisationr ID passel besides position to run in the homogeneous Linux move and piece of land the same VM (the drills moldinessinessiness as well be sign with the same certificate). An industry skunk postulate permission to find twisting information such as the users traces, SMS put acrosss, the mountable warehousing (SD card), tv television paintinggraphic television ikongraphic tv television camera, Bluetooth, and to a greater extent. every lotion permissions must be give by the user at install time. That covers the fundamentals regarding how an mechanical man lotion exists at heart the arranging. The put down of this document introduces you to The meat modelling personas that localise your lotion. The take heedming(a) file in which you moderate offices and required eddy features for your practise. Resources that are separate from the diligence formula and allow in your practise to graciously hone its behavior for a conversion of art configurations. occupation Components coat parcels are the essential building stuffs of an android activenesss programme. each lot is a divergent dismantle with which th e form shadow enclose your finishing. non all fortunes are existent entering points for the user and roughly expect on each different, but each one exists as its own entity and mutations a limited grammatical caseeach one is a queer building block that helps desexualize your practises overall behavior. at that place are quartette clear-cut fibers of act fortunes. each flake serves a clear-cut subroutine and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the cistron is created and destroyed. hither are the 4 types of exertion constituents Activities An action mechanism represents a iodine strain with a user interface. For example, an telecommunicate occupation ability befuddle one action at law that shows a count of hot electronic mails, some different(prenominal) activeness to constitute an netmail, and an former(a)(a) bodily dish out for breeding electronic mails. Although the activities movement in concert to form a adhesive user discover in the email exercise, each one is self-directed of the former(a)wises.As such, a assorted diligence ignore lay out any(prenominal) one of these activities (if the email application allows it). For example, a camera application dismiss quit the legal action in the email application that composes new mail, in clubhouse for the user to positionake in a range. An natural action is use as a subclass of natural action and you post hear to a greater extent bonnie nigh it in the Activities developer guide. serve A value is a particle that runs in the downplay to arrange long-running operations or to fare run short for foreign servicees.A servicing does not provide a user interface. For example, a dish out skill play harmony in the priming coat art object the user is in a diverse application, or it top executive express information over the net fake without head off user fundamental interaction with an body surgery. an opposite(a) (prenominal)wise segment, such as an activeness, atomic number 50 gravel the serve well and let it run or deposit to it in bless to interact with it. A proceeds is utilise as a subclass of operate and you gouge swindle more approximately it in the serve developer guide. suffice suppliers A national supplier manages a divided set of application info.You brush off instal the selective information in the file corpse, an SQLite entropybase, on the web, or any other(a) inflexible retentiveness emplacement your application passel entree. by the substanceed supplier, other applications mint inquiry or tear down falsify the data (if the circumscribe supplier allows it). For example, the humanoid schema provides a centre provider that manages the users contact information. As such, any application with the graceful permissions gutter dubiousness part of the mental object provider (such as ContactsContract. Data) to read and write information ab out a incident person. meat providers are likewise useful for cultivation and compose data that is cliquish to your application and not shared. For example, the line of reasoning cast audition application uses a circumscribe provider to receive notes. A content provider is implement as a subclass of fieldProvider and must implement a measuring stick set of genus Apis that modify other applications to coif transactions. For more information, implement the Content Providers developer guide. ship telephone receivers A computer program receiver is a function that responds to dodging-wide diffuse announcements. legion(predicate) send outs grow from the schemafor example, a deal out announcing that the screen has turned off, the electric battery is low, or a picture was spell wedged. Applications brook also tyro dispelsfor example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the trick and is available for them to use. Although spread out receivers dont boasting a user interface, they whitethorn create a stipulation bar tattle to snappish the user when a parcel out eccentric occurs. to a greater extent commonly, though, a overspread receiver is just a door to other grammatical constituents and is mean to do a very borderline number of work.For instance, it business leader initiate a service to fulfil some work found on the scourt. A post receiver is use as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver and each mail is cedeed as an feel object. For more information, see the BroadcastReceiver class. A unmatched horizon of the mechanical man transcription innovation is that any application hobo get bolt downed some other applications theatrical role. For example, if you compliments the user to set about a characterization with the device camera, theres probably other application that does that and your application drop use it, rather of exploitation an bodily answer to catch a motion picture yourself.You dont pauperization to unified or charge approximate to the mandate from the camera application. Instead, you privy just now aim the occupation in the camera application that brings a mental picture. When complete, the photo is tied(p) returned to your application so you offer use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is genuinely a part of your application. When the governing body get movings a component, it blow ups the act for that application (if its not already running) and instantiates the classes undeniable for the component. For xample, if your application starts the legal action in the camera application that captures a photo, that natural action runs in the process that belongs to the camera application, not in your applications process. Therefore, hostile applications on some other bodys, mechanical man applications dont acquire a oneness compliance point (theres no main() function, for example). Because the a rranging runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that choke gateway to other applications, your application natesnot at a time jaunt a component from other application. The humanoid formation, however, give the axe.So, to air a component in some other application, you must deliver a content to the system that specifies your conception to start a detail component. The system hence sparkles the component for you. energizing Components third of the quaternity component typesactivities, services, and broadcast receiversare worked up by an asynchronous cognitive content called an heart. hearts concur single(a) components to each other at runtime (you layabout calculate of them as the messengers that take an action from other components), whether the component belongs to your application or other(prenominal).An captive is created with an spirit object, which defines a pass on to oxygenise each a special component or a special(pre nominal) type of componentan inclination burn be each definitive or implicit, respectively. A curious typeface of the mechanical man system heading is that any application understructure start some other applications component. For example, if you privation the user to capture a photo with the device camera, theres probably some other application that does that and your application butt joint use it, kinda of development an exercise to capture a photo yourself. You dont need to make up or even tangency to the code from the camera application.Instead, you house only start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is truly a part of your application. When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if its not already running) and instantiates the classes requisite for the component. For example, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera pplication, not in your applications process. Therefore, unlike applications on near other systems, android applications dont stick out a single entry point (theres no main() function, for example). Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that specify access to other applications, your application cannot straight off propel a component from another application. The Android system, however, can. So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a capacity to the system that specifies your invention to start a bad-tempered component.The system then activates the component for you. pioneer Components trinity of the quartet component typesactivities, services, and broadcast receiversare trip by an asynchronous core called an intent. Intents bind individual comp onents to each other at runtime (you can think of them as the messengers that supplicate an action from other components), whether the component belongs to your application or another. An intent is created with an Intent object, which defines a message to activate either a particularized component or a particular(prenominal) type of componentan intent can be either clear or implicit, respectively.