Christianity and Abortion :: Papers

Christianity and Abortion The Christian belief in the sanctity of life is based on the teachings of famous Christians and on what they read in the bible, the teachings of Jesus. A quote from the bible which seems to support the view that abortion is wrong is from Psalm 13913, verses 15-16, You created every part of me You put me together in my mothers uterus When my bones were being formed, Carefully put me together in my mothers womb. When I was growing there in secret, You knew that I was there You saying me before I was born. The days allotted to me Had all been recorded in your book, Before any of them ever began. This seems to be saying that god has already begun to rush an influence on the life of a person before they are even born. The life of a person is already unique and god has already given them their own identity before they are born. If this is true, and the quote seems to be saying that it is, then abortion would involv e to be seen as a execration on the same level as murder. There are no good grounds for murder, one of the Ten Commandments says, Do not commit murder. So, if we were to visualize only this quote then we would have to see abortion as fundamentally wrong, any justification for abortion would become a justification for murder, and we tush see no justification for murder, the ultimate sin. Another quote from the bible would seem to strengthen this view, Jeremiah 14-5 The Lord said to me, I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations. This seems to suggest, as did the last quote, that God decides the fate of the tike before it is born, abortion would prevent the minor fromChristianity and Abortion Papers Christianity and Abortion The Christian belief in the sanctity of life is based on the teachings of famous Christians and on what they read in the bible, the teachings of Jesus. A quote from the bible which seems to support the view that abortion is wrong is from Psalm 13913, verses 15-16, You created every part of me You put me together in my mothers womb When my bones were being formed, Carefully put me together in my mothers womb. When I was growing there in secret, You knew that I was there You precept me before I was born. The days allotted to me Had all been recorded in your book, Before any of them ever began. This seems to be saying that god has already begun to have an influence on the life of a person before they are even born. The life of a person is already unique and god has already given them their own identity before they are born. If this is true, and the quote seems to be saying that it is, then abortion would have to be seen as a offense on the same level as murder. There are no good grounds for murder, one of the Ten Commandments says, Do not commit murder. So, if we were to care onl y this quote then we would have to see abortion as fundamentally wrong, any justification for abortion would become a justification for murder, and we cannister see no justification for murder, the ultimate sin. Another quote from the bible would seem to strengthen this view, Jeremiah 14-5 The Lord said to me, I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations. This seems to suggest, as did the last quote, that God decides the fate of the child before it is born, abortion would prevent the child from

The Madonnas of Echo Park by Brando Skyhorse :: Immigration, Immigrants

Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, argon descended from immigrants and revolutionists. -- President Franklin D. RooseveltThroughout the course of my life, I have always encountered individuals wanting to wear their economic situation especially those within my community. Those who come from impoverished communities in other countries risk their lives and lifetime nest egg to come to the United States hoping that one day they will regain everything that they lost. Their only motivation to come to this country is to be able to provide their family with basic necessities and in order to do this, they must operate on two or more jobs that pay at minimum wage and are taken for granted. However, many individuals do not see this side of the story and categorize immigrants as unambitious people. In order to be completely aware of what immigrants truly go by dint of and how they succeed in life, one must be willing to place themselves in their shoes and h ear his/her story. We must acknowledge that the hands of these people work in back breaking jobs in order to sustain their families. While some Americans may be against immigrants arriving to the United States in search of a better life and the American Dream, in The Madonnas of Echo Park, Brando Skyhorse further reveals that immigrants are exploited as cheap labor, and although they contribute greatly to the everyday function of American industry, they are quite invisible.Mexican immigrants in the United States are willing to work big(a) and long hours throughout the day regardless of the amount of sleep or rest they may get. Conversely, this is not how Efren Mendoza, a public city bus driver, views Mexicans and he believes they are not motivated to achieve things in life. One would gain that he would understand how difficult it is for immigrants to assimilate in a sweet foreign country without knowing anyone or anything here, but he is not on their side and it is somewhat hypoc ritical of him because he himself is Mexican. It is as though Efren sees his own people as invisible individuals because he does not acknowledge all their hard work and sacrifices they may have gone through in order to arrive in the United States. He further proves his insincerity when he mentions that the new wetbacks are picky about what jobs theyll do and that they half-ass the work that they are given to do (77).

Magnetic Anisotropy Of Fine Particles :: essays research papers

"Magnetic Anisotropy Of Fine Particles" In nature, single domain particles are enamord to saturation, where the magnetization has an unproblematic axis, or several easy axes, along which it prefers to lie. In this case the total internal energy is minimum. Rotation of the magnetization vector away from the easy axis is possible only by applying an outside(a) magnetic field. This phenomenon is called magnetic anisotropy. Thus, the term magnetic anisotropy describe the dependence of the internal energy on the direction of magnetization of the particle. The energy term of this kind is called a magnetic anisotropy energy. Generally it has the same symmetry as the crystal structure of the particle material, and we call it a magnetocrystalline anisotropy or crystal anisotropy . This kind of anisotropy is due principally to spin-orbit coupling . For instance, we consider an anisotropy that is uniaxial in symmetry. In this case, one of the simplest expressions of the magnetic an isotropy energy is Ea=KaVsin2 , where is the angle between the magnetization vector and the symmetry axis of the particle, V is the playscript of the particle, and Ka is the anisotropy energy per unit volume or the anisotropy constant. The srength of the anisotropy in any particular crystal is measured by the magnitude of the anisotropy constants.Consider a specimen of ticket particles having no preferred orientation of its particles. If we have spherical particles, there will be no shape anisotropy, and the same applied field will magnetize it to the same extent in any direction. But if it is a nonspherical particles, the magnetization vector will not necessarily lie along an easy crystallographic axis, but rather along an axis whose demagnetizating field is a minimum. This is called shape anisotropy and was proposed by (1947).In real systems, there is always a particle coat and shape distributions as well as a distribution of particle enviroments, depending on the topology of t he system (e.

Essay --

Potty dressing is one milestone, eagerly awaited on by p arents. Potty reading is a process. The process of potty training takes surrounded by three and six months, depending on the child. Potty training takes time, dedication, and patience. There are many steps to training a child, some steps are more difficult and the steps may be difficult for the child to grasp. The process of potty training lead be difficult and have setbacks along the way.Before starting the process you look at to know if your child is ready. You need to be watching for signs of potty training readiness. The signs include increased interest in using the potty, child feels uncomfortable in diapers, child talks about the potty, child goes to the bathroom on a schedule, child follows instructions, and the child dwells prohibitionist for longer periods of time. When it comes to age, there is no right age to start potty training because every child is different. Most parents think about training their kids between the ages of eighteen months and three years old. Be sure to not rush the child into potty training too soon from pressure of others. Also forrader starting the process, you need tools. You may need many different tools to complete this process. The tools include a potty chair, training pants, footsteps, and books or films on potty training. These tools will help the child feel excited about the process, be comfortable, and help them feel independent.Now, the fun part. The process of potty training a child. There are many steps to the process. First, introduce the potty. Introduce the potty to your child around their first birthday. To be successful at this, keep books and films on potty training in the bathroom and talk to he child about potty training on occasions... .... To do this you may use a sticker chart, contrive the child some candy, or buy the child something they want. Be sure not to go nuts. Doing this will make the child react to praise the homogeneous way t hey act to punishment. Praise and the reward the child, only when dont over exaggerate and scare the child. The process of potty training takes time, patience, and dedication. To be successful at this process, stay consistent with the process. Talk to the child about the potty, encourage the child to use the potty, make the process fun, make it comfortable, and reward the child. Learning the process and knowing what you need to do, will help the child be successful at completing this process. Potty training may seem like a difficult task, but doesnt need to be. So, NEVER give up on your child or the process of potty training them. No matter what, you child will be potty trained.

Homosexuality Essay -- Gay Lesbian Homosexual Essays

HomosexualityMy frustration with debate about homosexuality stems not so much from the arguments themselves, but the actual method of argument. Often, two experts will approach the topic from two radically different expert fields. One may be a advanced Testament scholar and thus draws out the intricacies of Ro worldly concerns 118-28 and the true meaning of the word homosexual offender (i.e. older man sleeping with a young boy) in that case. The other may be a biologist who appeals to natural logic and reproduction to defend sex as a behavior meant for heterosexuals. Both of them are right within their own expertise. But they cannot, then, debate, for it would be like Chuck pitching to a batter on another baseball field.I was pleasantly surprised, then, when Via and Gagnon approached the issue of homosexuality from the same basisthe Bible. If indeed homosexuality is to be embraced (or rejected) by the Church as a legitimate expression of ones being, then one cannot dismiss t he Bible as only part of the argument. Behind almost every denominational tradition, the Bible stands as a primary source of wisdom/ethics/practice that, even if its inerrancy is being questioned more recently, cannot be discounted so easily. Approaches Therefore, they both flummox to record book as authoritative, though both also read it through a historical/cultural critics lens. Gagnon certainly takes the position that the Old Testament and New Testament commandments condemning homosexual practices are absolute, saying that a purely scientific renege of multiple biblical instructions is not enough. As scripture interprets scripture, he points out that Ezekiel, Jude, and other texts all support homosexualities blanket condemnation. Via seems m... ..., they should not act upon them in a sexual way, as they can be in full alive without sex. Some questions I still harbor If homosexuality is something God has given humanity as a sign of Gods ira (as Via implies) and not necessar ily a sin, ought we still accept it? Can we take the Leviticus passage out of context and put it with the impure laws about menstruation when it very rests between a verse about not sacrificing to idols (obviously against both OT and NT law) and having sex with animals? If we can, then we may make the case that beastiality was just an impurity law and is straight a legitimate form of sexual expression. Should we make decisions in the Church based on what is best for the whole body in terms of adoption and love of people (so that others may be more open to hearing the gospel message), even if it may be wrong according to scripture?

Homosexuality Essay -- Gay Lesbian Homosexual Essays

HomosexualityMy frustration with debate about homosexuality stems not so much from the arguments themselves, but the actual mode of argument. Often, two experts will approach the topic from two radically different expert fields. One may be a New Testament learner and thus draws out the intricacies of Romans 118-28 and the true meaning of the word homosexual offender (i.e. older man sleeping with a young boy) in that case. The new(prenominal) may be a biologist who appeals to natural logic and reproduction to defend sex as a behavior meant for heterosexuals. Both of them are sound within their own expertise. But they cannot, therefore, debate, for it would be like Chuck pitching to a batter on another baseball field.I was pleasantly surprised, then, when Via and Gagnon approached the go away of homosexuality from the same basisthe Bible. If indeed homosexuality is to be embraced (or rejected) by the Church as a legitimate expression of ones being, then one cannot dismiss the Bible as only part of the argument. Behind almost every denominational tradition, the Bible stands as a primary fountain of wisdom/ethics/practice that, even if its inerrancy is being questioned more(prenominal) recently, cannot be discounted so easily. Approaches Therefore, they both come to scripture as authoritative, though both in addition read it through a historical/cultural critics lens. Gagnon certainly takes the position that the Old Testament and New Testament commandments condemning homosexual practices are absolute, utter that a purely scientific renege of multiple biblical instructions is not enough. As scripture interprets scripture, he points out that Ezekiel, Jude, and other texts all guard homosexualities blanket condemnation. Via seems m... ..., they should not act upon them in a sexual way, as they can be fully alive without sex. Some questions I still obtain If homosexuality is something God has given humanity as a sign of Gods wrath (as Via implies) and not necessarily a sin, ought we still require it? Can we take the Leviticus passage out of context and put it with the impure laws about menstruation when it actually rests between a verse about not sacrificing to idols (obviously against both OT and NT law) and having sex with animals? If we can, then we may devote the case that beastiality was just an impurity law and is now a legitimate form of sexual expression. Should we make decisions in the Church based on what is best for the whole body in terms of acceptance and love of people (so that others may be more open to hearing the gospel message), even if it may be wrong according to scripture?

Putting service users at the heart of provision Essay

Anti- jaundiced practice is promoted in wellness and social distribute conditions through putting process substance ab users at the heart of provision, this means to focus on what the person need and batch is, giving them rule and power over their lives, rather than honorable coition them what divine values atomic number 18 lendable. (Health and Social C argon, Hodder, Rasheed et al, page 27, 2010) The individual is put at the heart of benefit provision, the wellness and social safe carry throughing sector needs to, endow individuals, provide active support consistent with the beliefs, culture and preferences of the individual, promote individuals rights, choices and well-being and support individuals to comport their needs and preferences.All c be is centred around the individuals needs. This means that in a health perplexity setting a care plan leave behind be done with the nonmigratory so that the resident olfactory sensations they have control over their care and the rung would be able to care for that service user according the their preferences, sometimes it not possible for the service user themselves to tell the provide their preferences, this could be because of a disability, such as learning difficulties or someone who has a hearing impairment, consequently the service user could have a family member or an advise tin can handle on behalf of them because if the care histrion doesnt do the care plan with them then this will not enthrone the service user and their care will not be to their preferences which could be very distressing for the resident.Empowering individualsEmpowerment is one of the fundamental frequency principles of care establish, empowerment is about enabling people to take control of their lives through choices and be as independent as possible. It is important in a health and social care setting that they make service users feel like they are still in control, giving them choices about their care, even co nscionable little things like where does the individual want to sit, will make them feel more empowered and feel less like their life has been taken control of. In these settings staff members will do care plans with the service users to make them feel involvedand like they have control over their care. Even if the care workers dont tot all(prenominal)y agree with the service users decisions they can only advise against it and will have to accept and support whatever decision is do by the individual.Service users will feel more valued when they are being empowered. It is similarly important that staff allow the service user to be as independent as possible and only helping them where its needed so that the individual doesnt feel like there emancipation has been taken. A difficultness with this could be if a service user lacks mental capacity, and did not have either immediate family around them, then it would be prevail over to the professionals to make decisions about their c are, and would choose the best options for that individual concerning their care, so this would mean that the service user might not feel empowered as they are unable to make their own choices.Balancing individuals rights with the rights of othersBalancing individuals rights with the rights of others requires very good organisation, negotiating and communication skills it will also require the support of a network of services with everyone in that service working towards a solution for individual rights. Its about allowing residents to have a choice, because they have individual rights. an utilisation of this could be if some residents wanted to watch a specific television programme but a couple other residents wanted to watch something else, the staff member would then have to negotiate with the residents and organise a room where the other residents can watch what they wish so that everyone possible is happy with what they are watching.A problem with this could be if the staff me mber did not have very good communication skills and was not able to negotiate effectively with the service users, because they have a lack of training in this area, to shoot down this difficulty employees need to ensure all staff members have up to date and take over training so that the staff member is prepared for everything and knows how to balance individuals rights with the rights of others and how to deal with the conflict.Culture and preferences of the individualThis means understanding and helping promote the service users culture, religious belief and preferences, and taking this into account when making decisions in the health and social care setting. An typeface of this could be if a resident in a care radix was a Muslim then the staff members would have to ensure they are able to meet the needs of this faith like that halal meat is available for the resident and there is an area available where the resident can pray if they wish to do so. as well as staff members have to support anyone who comes into the service by ensuring they are listened to and receive any support they need with their reading, socialising or personal care and that it is met with sensitivity, some service users may need the support of an advocate if they have communication issues or learning difficulties. The main forms of support may be advice and guidelines, physical support, mental health support, medical and care planning development and social support.A difficulty with this could be that staff members have not been trained in this area, and do not know about how religions and cultures and what their specific needs are. To overcome this difficulty, staff members should have training in diversity, and learn about other cultures so that they are able to meet the needs of individuals. some other difficulty with this could be that the care home may not have a spare room for residents to pray in, if so then care homes can provide a space in the residents room, or clear o ut a room that isnt necessarily needed so that a praying area is there, also staff members could take residents out of the care home to a mosque, church, or religious setting of their choice, when it is convenient to do so.Supporting individuals to bring their needs and preferencesThis means supporting a service user, who may not be able to communicate effectively, in expressing their needs and preferences so that the service user is happy with the care they are receiving and it meets their likes and dislikes. An fount of this could be supporting someone who is deaf, by helping them express their needs and preferences it could mean they would have to use British sign language signers or lip speakers. It is important to keep the individual informed about what is happening to them and what will happen in the future concerning their care, and also services have to make sure the individual can express their needs and preferences. Aninterpreter can be used for someone who doesnt speak the local language of the health and social care setting this could be a professional or could be a family member or friend.A problem with this could be that if someone who does not speak the local language is a new resident in a care home and has no immediate family, so staff members would struggle to meet the needs and demands of this new service user. To overcome this problem, staff members would have to use an interpreter who spoke some(prenominal) the local language and the residents main language. An interpreter can be quite expensive, which is another difficulty the health and social care setting will face, but in some circumstances interpreters are paid for by the NHS, if done privately it can cost a lot of money. Another way to overcome this difficulty if is staff members do small training courses in sign language so they will know the basics for when a service user with a hearing impairment uses that service. If a resident does not speak the local language then a few memb ers of staff could learn the basics in that language so they are able to communicate more effectively with that service user.Identifying and thought-provoking discriminationWithin health and social care settings it is important that if any discrimination is identified it has to be challenged immediately, this is so the victim of the discrimination does not suffer anymore and this can be achieved by staff training and development, so that staff have an awareness of what to do if they see any discrimination and gives them a sense of awareness on the subject, telling a high power like a manager when any rules concerning discrimination are broken by an individual, challenging inappropriate language, challenging any work colleagues who are demonstrating discriminatory behaviour towards another individual or a group of people and also implementations of government policies and guidelines on discrimination.An example of identifying and challenging discrimination would be if a care worker in a care home saw a fellow care worker treating one individual a lot different to the rest in a negative manner, calling them rude names and shouting at them just because they are of different race, then the care worker could either speak to their colleague about this informing them to stop or go to their manager who can then investigate andtake the right measures to ensure the discrimination stops.A difficulty with this could be that a staff member doesnt have a lot confidence and feels too scared to speak to their manager about an incident they have witnessed, to overcome this difficulty staff members can use the whistle blowing insurance Every health and social care setting has a whistle blowing indemnity which is when a worker reports suspected wrongdoing at work. Officially this is called making a disclosure in the public interest. A worker can report things that arent right, are illegal or if anyone at work is neglecting their duty, this is all done anonymously.Promoting i ndividuals rights, choices and upbeatActive promotion of individuals rights, choices and wellbeing can be demonstrated in the way care workers in a health and social care setting work one to one with service users. By offering people a choice related to their care can make a big difference to how that service user feels and responds to the service, as they will feel more in control of their care and treatment, which will empower the individual. Choices from food to personal care are all vital and key to the services offered by health and social care workers, these choices are central to the wellbeing of the individual, such like what clothes to wear that day or what to eat that day, all of this promotes the individuals rights and wellbeing. In health and social care, choice is being taken into often wider avenues through the way we access and use the public services available to us (BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1, Stretch, page 93, 2007).A problem with this could be t hat a staff member is not aware of the fact they should offer all service users a choice to make them feel empowered, to overcome this the employee (manager) should ensure that all staff members are appropriately trained in the area, and any new staff members are aware of this, so that all service users can be offered a choice.Another difficulty is that staff members may be aware they have to offer a choice to service users, but may have a bad attitude towards this and purposely not give services users a choice and therefore not empowering them, to overcome this all settings need to keep updating training, and ensure that all staff members are following the rules and regulations of such policies and if they are not to take appropriateactions. Also to help overcome this difficulty the settings should have copies of some policies on the wall in an office, and the rest available to view by staff members at any time, this will ensure that any queries about policies or Acts, such as the disability discriminatory Act, can be sorted by checking the policy itself or asking a higher member of staff like a manager. All policies must be kept up to date.Policies and proceduresPolicies and procedures are designed image all key choices and actions, and all activities take place within the limitations set by them. Procedures are the precise methods that are set in place to express policies in action in day-to-day operations of the health and social care setting. Together, policies and procedures ensure that a point of view held by the higher authority such as a manager of the health and social care setting is turned into steps that result in an consequent compatible with that view. An example of a policy in a health and social care setting would be the anti-harassment policy, organisations and work places must have a policy in place, by law, which deals with issues of harassment or bullying, whether it is on the grounds of sexuality, race, ethnicity, gender, beliefs, sexua lity orientation, marital status or disability (health and social care, book 1, stretch, 2012, page 76) this supports anti- discriminatory practice because when someone is harassed or bullied it is often on the grounds of discrimination, so this policy is against this happening which will help protect service users when they are in health and social care settings.Another example of a policy or procedure is the Complaint procedures, all health and social care organisations must have this procedure by law, the procedure states that if somebody complains, they have the right to, have their complaint dealt with efficiently, have their complaint properly investigated, know the outcome of any investigation into their complaint, take their complaint to higher authority and receive compensation if they have been harmed, this will support the anti-discriminatory practice because if someone puts in a complaint about discrimination, or anti-discriminatory practice, then the organisation will h ave to follow the rules of the complaints procedure so the complaint willbe dealt with properly and hopefully improve the anti-discriminatory practice in that health and social care setting.Also another example for a policy that supports the anti-discriminatory practice would be the Confidentiality policy. The guidelines on this are clearly stated in the data protection act. Every health and social care professional will have to make sure they keep information about their service users confidential. The only time that confidentiality needs to be broken is when there is a risk of the individual harming themselves, hides abusive or potentially abusive situations or threatens the life of an individual.This helps support anti-discriminatory because service users will feel like they can trust their care workers and not feel like that care worker will abuse that trust and humiliate the service user by not keeping their information confidential, so the service user will feel no matter who they are the care workers have to keep their information confidential, so they cannot be discriminated against and have their information leaked by care workers.

Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 * Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan. ** Agricultural ergonomics Institute, National Agricultural question Center, capital of Pakistan Pakistan. TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR CALLUS INDUCTION IN RICE Hidayat Ullah*, Iltaf Ullah*, Sultan Akbar Jadoon* and Hamid Rashid** ABSTRACT Seeds of two strain varieties Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were evaluated for invitro indurate induction at Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad during 2001-02, using M.S and N6 media supplemented with 2, 4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxi acetic acid) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at 2. 0, 2. 5 and 0. 1, 0. 5 mgl-1 sever on the wholey. Objective of our study is to receive the actual procedure for seed sterilization and to provide a well-adopted technique for callus induction in these varieties by using M. S and N6 media along with contrasting concentrations of growth hormones. Seeds were utilize as ex sic source and to avoid chance of contamination sodium hypochlorite and ethanol at the rate of 50% and 70% were apply jimmyively.Best receipt toward callus induction were spy for Bas-385 on some(prenominal) MS and N6 media however N6 media was proved to be best. Calli obtained from Bas-385 were friable and vigorous as comp ar to Bas-370. Bas-370 respond more or less on MS and N6 media at various combinations of 2,4-D and BAP. Bas-370 on MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP 2. 0 and 0. 1 mgl-1 gave good performance towards callus induction. Over all results indicated that best callus were induced on MS and N6 when supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP 2. 0 and 0. 0 mgl-1 for variety Bas-385. INTRODUCTION In Pakistan sift is the second leading crop later on wheat.In 2000-2001, the world yearbook production of strain was 598 million tones (FAO 2002). Asia is the largest producer of sieve, with Bangladesh, China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnams as the leading rice producing nations. In Pakistan rice covered an argona of 2. 52 million ha, with the production of 5. 16 million tones in 1999-2000. It also play important role in our national economy. During 1999-2000 about 1. 92 million tones of rice was exported and earn about 465. 8 million US$. Rice is susceptible to a range of diseases and pests, which annually destroy about 55 percent of rice crops. The most common diseases are caused by he fungi sheath blight and rice blast, and the stalk borer is a common insect pest. Rice is composed of essential feed components, therefore more than two billions people in the globe depend on rice for more than half of the proteins and calories they consume (Khan et al. 2000). Due to its increasing impressiveness in nutrition and economy, it is now felt that new varieties of rice, having good agronomic characters, should be evolved. Crop improvement through tissue conclusion techniques is easier and more a lot in use as compared to conventional plant breeding (Yamada, 1986). Somaclonal variations commonly ppear after tissue culture, which involve a callus stage (Larkin and Scow Croft 1981). Callus is undifferentiated mass of rapidly proliferating cells, can be obtained by culturing explants source (seed, node, bud, leaves, meristem and root tips etc) on nutrient medium containing specific growth regulators along with a warning recipe of chemicals. Rashid et al. (2000) studied that rice seeds have more potential for callogenesis as compared to node or tip. Successful callus induction from rice seed has been inform by several researchers (Gonalz 2000 Navraj et al. 1999 Marrassi 1996 Valdez et al. 1997 Xie et al. 995). But an improved method for callogenesis was reported by Rashid et al. 2000). The present study is based on tissue culture techniques carried out in ABI laboratory for callus induction in rice varieties viz. Basmati-370 and Basmati-385. Two types of basal media M. S (Murashige and Sk oog 1962) and N6 (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) supplemented with 2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) alone or in combination with different concentrations of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) were used for callus induction. Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice. 82 MATERIALS AND METHODSThe research work for callus induction in rice was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, during 2001-02. The procedure of this research work has been dual-lane in the following four main categories. Surface Sterilization of Rice Seeds Seeds of Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were provided by rice programmed, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (ABI), National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad, and it was taken as explant source for callus induction. Healthy and mature seeds were selected by hysical appearance and they were dehusked manually. Seeds were first washed with detergent and thence rinsed three clock with simple tap water. For surface sterilization of seeds Clorox (5. 25% sodium hypochlorite) and ethanol was applied. After the applications of Clorox and ethanol seeds were rinsed thrice with autoclaved distilled water. Finally the seeds were dried with autoclaved filter paper, and they were shifted carefully to the culture room of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute. Basal Media Preparation M. S and N6 basal media were used for callus initiation. These media were prepared according to he ingredients (Table I). The exact amount of nutrients was dissolve in the distilled water. Two types of growth regulators 2,4-D alone or in combination with BAP was used for callus induction. 2,4-D 2. 0 and 2. 5 mg l-1 and BAP 0. 0, 0. 1, 0. 5 mg l-1 respectively was added in the media. Sucrose at the rate of 3% and agar at the rate of 0. 7% was also added in the media. PH of the media was adjusted at 5. 78-5. 80 with the help of PH-meter. M. S. and N6 media were poured into the test tubes, it was plugged properly and autoclaved at 20 lbs pressure for 15 minutes in the autoclave machine.Inoculation of Sterilized Seeds The most important quality in tissue culture technique is the inoculation of seeds. This mental process was performed in the laminar flow cabinet at the culture room of ABI. Before the operation surface sterilization of the laminar flow unit was carried by UV-light for two minutes. After that hands were disinfected with 75% ethanol to prevent chance of contamination. Dried seeds were then inoculated into test tubes under aseptic condition in laminar flow unit. To minimize chance of infection the instruments were dipped in disinfectant after each operation. Growth ChamberInoculated cultures were incubated at 253? C under the influence of 2000-lux light intensity for 16 hours photoperiod. Callus induction of rice seeds were discover after 21- days. The data for callus induction oftenness were recorded for two rice varieties on two different media with different concentrations of growth regulators. Table I spell of MS and N6 media Macronutrients KNO3 1900 2830 NH4NO3 1650 0 CaCl2. 2H2O 440 166 MgSO4 370 90. 37 KH2PO4 170 400 (NH4)2 SO4 463 Micronutrients MnSO4. H2O 16. 9 3. 33 H3BO3 6. 2 1. 6 KI 0. 83 0. 80 ZnSO4. 4H2O 8. 6 ZnSO4. 7H2O 1. 5 NaMoO4. 2H2O 0. 5 CuSO4. 5H2O 0. 025 CoCl2. 6H2O 0. 025 Iron source FeSO4. 7H2O 27. 85 27. 85 NaEDTA 37. 25 37. 25 Vitamins Myoinositol 100 Nicotinic Acid 0. 5 0. 5 Pyridoxine HCl 0. 5 0. 5 thiamin HCl 0. 1 1. 0 Glycine 2. 0 Sucrose 30g 30g Agar 7g 7g RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results obtained from tissue culture techniques of Bas-370 and Bas-385 performed in ABI laboratory and repeated three times from tenth February to Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 83 October 2001. Chance of contamination was much low when both the varieties were treated with 50% Clorox and 70% ethanol. Oono (1981) also used eeds as explants source for rice callus indu ction. The main objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and callogenesis in these cultivars. The potential of both varieties for callus induction was observed significantly different on M. S and N6 media at different concentrations of growth regulators. It is noteworthy that N6 and M. S media, which proved to be optimum for the growth of callus, were unable to confirm cell growth in liquid media. Callus induced from both the varieties were different at various level of 2,4-D and BAP. Maximum callus formation (62. 5%) was recorded or Bas-385, followed by Bas-370 (55. 55%) when seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,emailprotected 0 mgl-1 and 2mgl-1 2,4-D+0. 1mgl-1 BAP respectively (Table II and IV). Lowest callus of 41. 66 % was observed each for Bas-370 and Bas-385 when MS medium is supplemented with 2. 5 and 0. 5 mgl-1 of 2,4-D and BAP respectively. It is cleared that potential of Bas-385 towards callogenesis was higher than Bas- 370. Averaged across MS media callus induction absolute frequency was 48. 14 % for BAS-370 vs 53. 22 % for BAS-385 (Fig 2). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 5. 08 % for BAS-370. Growth regulator 2,4-D at he rate of 2mgl-1 was suggested and proved to be best for callus induction in both the varieties. Using N6 media callus induction frequency ranged from 20. 83 to 68. 05% for both the varieties. When 2,emailprotected was supplemented with N6 media, produced highest and good quality callus from Bas-385 (68. 05%) and minimum (20. 83%) from Bas-370 (Table III and IV). This result indicated positive correlation between 2,4-D and Bas-385 and negative for Bas-370. Average across N6 media callus induction frequency was 23. 6 % for Bas-370 vs 60. 64 % for Bas-385 (Fig. 3). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 7. 2 % for BAS- 370. Calli obtained from both the varieties were friable, granular, and yellowed in color. So it was proved that N6 media is better for callus inducti on of rice as compared to M. S medium. Overall result of BAS-385 was best on various concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP on both, MS and N6 media. Callus form Bas-385 was healthy and more fleshy as compare to Bas-370 (Figure 1). The active division of cells was more prominent in the callus of Bas-385, thats why it looks bulky. Secondly Bas-385 had more capacity for producing callus, especially when N6 media supplemented with 2,4- emailprotectedAgronomic features of Bas-385 are also better than Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. Callus induction essential be dependent on the genetic potentials of the variety and secondly the combination of hormones at different concentration. Callus induction is the best way to create somaclonal variations in crop plants. Variations are the basis for improvement and some time this variation is heritable. Oono (1981) cultured seed explants of rice varieties and observed variation for certain agronomic characte rs that are also heritable. Once cultured techniques were stablished in rice, it become possible to apply them for callus regeneration and transformation. (b) Calli obtained from Bas-385 (a) Calli Obtained form Bas-370 Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice. 84 Table II Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on M. S Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contamination % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 58. 33% 20. 83% 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 73. 61% 22. 22% 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 52. 77% 27. 77% Table III Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on N6 Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table IV Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on M. S Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox /Ethanol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table V. Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on N6 Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox/Etha nol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2007 85 20. 83 62. 5 22. 22 55. 5 27. 77 41. 66 0 20 40 60 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Varieties Callus induction freq (%) 2, 4-D&emailprotected 0&0. 0 2,4-D&emailprotected 0&0. 1 2,4-D&emailprotected 5&0. 5 47. 22 68. 05 55. 55 61. 11 41. 66 52. 77 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Varieties Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-D&emailprotected 0&0. 0 2,4-D&emailprotected 0&0. 1 2,4-D&emailprotected 5&0. 5 Fig. 2. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on M. S media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Fig. 3. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on N6 media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Hidayat Ullah, et al.Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice. 86 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Infections of the callus is main problem in tissue culture technique so we should adopt the following precautions. 1. We should sterilize the seeds in 50% hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes and all the apparatus like flasks, petri plates, blades and forceps etc. should be disinfectant with 70% ethanol. Media should be prepared accurately with respect to concentrations and PH of the media must be maintained properly. Exact amount of growth hormones must be added. 2. Seeds of Bas-370 on MS media with combination 2. and 0. 1mgl-1 should be used to flap maximum callus, while hormonal combination 2,4-D and BAP 2. 0 and 0. 0 mg l-1 should be used for better callus induction of Bas-385 on N6 media. Bas-385 is an improved stochastic variable of Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. Thats why it is more responsive towards callus as will as high doses of fertilizers. Over all results indicated that Bas- 385 having more potentials and suitable for further genetic studies. REFERENCES FAO. 2002 Food Outlook Bullet. No 1,FAO, Rome. Gonalz, M. C. 2000. Effects of different growth egulators on in vitro culture of rice cultivors. Tropicales. 21(1) 27-28. Khan, J. A. , F. F. Jamil and M. A. Gill. 2000. Screnning of rice varieties against bakanae and bacterial leaf blight. Pak. J. Phytopath. 12(1) 6-11. Larkin, P. J. and W. R . Scowcraft. 1981. Somaclonal variation a novel source of variability from cell cultures of plant improvement. Theor. Appld. Genet. 60197-214. Marasi, M. A. , O. A. Bovo, A. Socchi and L. A. Mrongiski. 1996. Cytokining in the callus induction medium for plant regeneration of rice. Phyton Int, J. Exp. Bot. 59(1-2) 155-160. Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962.Arevised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15 473-497. Navraj, K. , M. S. Gill, G. Raman, T. S. Bharaj, S. S. Gosal, N. Kaur and R. Gill. 1999. Factors enhancing somatic embryogenesis and high frequency plant regeneration in rice. Crop Improv. 26(1) 23-27. Nitsch, J. P. and C. Nitsch. 1969. haploidic plants from pollen grains. Sci. 163 85-87. Oono, K. 1981. In vitro methods applied to rice in plant tissue culture. T. Athorpe, ed. Acad. Press, New York. pp. 273-298. Rashid, H. , A. Toriyama, K. Qurashi, Hinta and K. A. Malik. 2000. An improved method for hoot regeneration from calli of Indica rice. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3 (12) 2229-2231. Valdez, M. , M. Monoz, J. R. Vega and A. M. Espinoza. 1997. Plant regeneration of Indica rice from mature embryo derived calli. Revistade Biologia Tropical. 44(3) 13-21. Xie, J. H. , M. W. Gao, Q. H. Cai, X. Y. Chens, Y. W. Shen and Z. Q. Liang. 1995 Optimized growth regulators combination in Japonica rice. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 42(3) 245-250. Yamada, Y. , T. Q. Yang and D. T. Tang. 1986. Plant regeneration from protoplast derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Plant Cell Reports. 4 85-88

Introduction to Working with Children

Unit 1 An introduction to turn tailing with clawren E1) Statutory c are and nurture must(prenominal), by law, be provided by the government and be free of fritter aside. An recitation of a statutory education put is Primary School. While some Primary Schools are private, on that point must besides be Primary Schools that are free of charge to attend. Private care and education is education or care that must be paid for. An example of a private education setting is a private Nursery. Most Nurseries are private and require a fee for admitting pip-squeakren. Voluntary care and education settings do not charge a fee for admittance and are staffed by volunteers.They are mainly funded by charities and small donations from arouses. An example of a voluntary care and education setting is a Parent and toddler group. E2) Primary Schools aim to support chelaren in their education, physical development, emotional development, social development and cognitive development. Educatio nally, they teach children a modification of subjects with much focus on literacy and numeracy skills. Primary Schools booster to identify childrens erudition claims and relay useful study to parents on their childrens development. They likewise offer extra support for children who need it.Primary Schools offer family liaison officers and childrens liaison officers should parents feel they need help. Primary Schools also offer the chance for parents to go to work during the hours theyre educating their children. Nurseries aim to support children in their education, physical development, emotional development, social development and cognitive development. Educationally, they teach children colours, numbers, the alphabet and various other skills and subjects children need to help them learn more in the future. They teach using the EYFS.Most Nurseries provide flexible hours so parents canful go to work. Some Nurseries provide an out-of-school club, where children can play, be fe d and socialise until their parents are able to pick them up. Nurseries also work to help identify any special needs of children and communicate with parents on the best way to deal with any issues their child whitethorn cause. Parent and Toddler groups aim to support children in social development, helping children gain sanction and impinge on friends, which is a good way to get children comfortable with socialising before they go to a Nursery.Parent and Toddler groups aim to support families by cock-a-hoop them the opportunity to socialise with other parents and, if needed, teach them how to play with children as often, parents are unsure of how to communicate and have fun with their child. In many Parent and Toddler groups, a health visitor bequeath be on-hand to give out health advise and check their childrens physical development. E3) One of the main pieces of legislating in the UK that supports the nears of children is the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).The UNCRC covers all the basic rights of a child including health, education, emotional care, privacy and human rights. The Child Care guess 2006 provides the framework to the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) and the Every Child Matters scheme (now known as Help Children Achieve More). Under this morsel, child care settings have to meet National Standards to help children achieve their full potential. It incorporates the offbeat standards that all settings working with children under the age of 8 must honor with.This Act outlines the importance of standards in child care settings and children existence kept safe, healthy and being able to enjoy their lives, which are all directly colligate to articles 19, 23, 24, 28, 29, 36, 33 and 37 in the UNCRC. Education Act 2002 promotes the local authorities and educational facilities duty regarding safeguarding and child welfare. This relates to protection from physical annoyance, depend uponual abuse, mental abuse an d kidnapping. It also relates to the authorities and educational facilities providing privacy and allowing children their dignity.Articles 11, 16, 17, 19, 34, 35, 37 and 39 in the UNCRC also cover this. Education Act 2004 was designed to ensure assorted services, such(prenominal) as social workers and GPs, work and communicate with each other effectively. This Act was largely a consequence of the Victoria Climbie inquiry, which also was also largely responsible for the Every Child Matters (Help Children Achieve More) programme. Education Act 2004 relates to articles 3, 4, 24, 28, 39 and 40 in the UNCRC. Equality Act 2010 replaced previous anti-discrimination laws, for example, Disability Discrimination Act 1995.The Act was brought in to try to stop discrimination in settings and the workplace. The Equality Act 2010 covers 9 protected characteristics gender reassignment, age, disability, pregnancy and maternity, marriage and civil partnership, sexual orientation, race, sex and rel igion or public opinion. Equality Act 2010 relates to articles 2, 12, and 14. E4) E5) A child should be nurtured, respected and treated as an individual with opinions of their own. It is easier to value yourself if other people value you too. If you dont value yourself, you may end up permanently afraid of being rejected so you may push people away for your own protection.All children are distinct and should be treated for their individual needs so that they can accomplish everything to the best of their ability. All families are different also, and wise(p) a child as the individual they are, you can help them through situations such as their parents splitting up, as some children cope with things in a different way. Due to all children having different personalities, interchangeables and dislikes, emotions and ways of thinking, you should help them to learn in different ways that suit the kind of person they are.For example, one child may learn better through harkening, whil e some other(prenominal) child may learn better by doing practical tasks. Knowing how different children like to learn can help you teach them more effectively and allow them get the best of their education. Children should also be valued for being of a different culture or religion which may sign on them out of the setting for religious events with their families, which must be a decision that you respect, even if the culture or religion isnt your own. Special arrangements must be made for some religions such as Jewish children only eating kosher foods.Decisions made by parents must also be respected as parents are childrens primary educators. If a family doesnt want something taught to a child, you must respect their wishes. E6) A professional skill needed by practitioners is police squadwork. Teamwork is necessary for the care of children because children must be kept an eye on at all times to fete them safe, and in a room of twenty three year olds, one person cannot keep w atch on all of them. Also, different people have different knowledge, and collaborating knowledge and ideas is helpful to keep things interesting and new for children.Another professional skill needed by practitioners is organisation. This is because you must keep an organised environment to countermand chaos and also because children must be observed for the benefit of knowing the childs limitations, strengths and skills so they can be taught and handled accordingly. Problem solving is also another professional skill that is needed in order to keep order. It is needed to solve problems, whether they be between people or the way things are run in the setting. An example of this is staff to child ratios.A manager may need to work out how many children are going to be in the setting and how many staff theyll need to meet the needs of the children. E7) Study skills such as time management can help in your teach because it means youll be able to get to your classes and placements on t ime and get the full benefit of your allotted time in class. Note-taking can help you in your assignments and research, making it easier to do your work and remember what youve been taught. It also helps with observations in settings, making it easier to write them up.Flashcards can help you memorise specific terms, words and pieces of information in preparation for exams and essay- indite. This can be helpful in settings for learning childrens names. Communication can help you read and write your essays and work to the best of your ability. communicate someone else how they would word something can give you a good idea of how you should word it. Communication skills in a setting are vital for the welfare and education of the children because a lack of communication can mean that errors that put children in jeopardy can occur.Reading is a good study skill to have, as you can learn much by reading and it can give you quotes and examples for your essays. Being able to read in a setti ng can help you learn more about children if youre reading their file. Concentration is essential for studying as becoming distracted could make you late for handing in essays or you may miss something vital in class. In a setting, you must concentrate on your task of looking after the children or accident may occur.Writing skills are important in class as your essays must be clear to read and if you have good writing skills, essays are easier to write. In a setting, writing skills are needed to teach children how to write and so you can write up clear reports and observations on the children. D1) Practitioners should develop and maintain good relationships with parents because that way, it volition be easier to communicate with them about the childs needs and progress and for the parents to listen to them without being hindered by a dislike for the practitioner.Practitioners should also listen to what the parent has to say, as it may be beneficial in getting to know the child, how to deal with the child and how to meet the childs needs. Relationships with parents should be kept inhibit and professional. Should a practitioner wish to discuss a problem theyre having with a child, the practitioner should do it through appropriate means, such as writing a letter or talking to the parent face to face within the setting, not through a social network site or texting. Arguing with a parent, for example, about the needs of their child would be inappropriate.Practitioners must respect that, as the childs parents and primary educators, they know what is best for their children (unless it poses a serious risk to the child, in which cuticle a practitioner would have the right to report the issue). Practitioners may make suggestions on what the child needs to parents, only when if the parent doesnt accept what the practitioner is saying, the practitioner must accept the parents decision. Appropriate relationships with other practitioners should be maintained also. Main taining a prissy relationship with workfellows will make working as a team easier and allow you to be able to carry out your job effectively.Maintaining good relationships with your co-worker could help you if you have a problem in the setting that youre not sure how to deal with as they may have knowledge on how to deal with it. You can learn new things from your co-workers which could help you carry out your job effectively. If youre arguing with a co-worker, this would make for an inappropriate relationship, which could hinder your work and create a bad atmosphere for children. Arguing with your fellow co-workers could cause a problems with teamwork which would not be beneficial to children. It could also make you and your co-workers unhappy and may cause more arguments.If youre preoccupied with arguing with a co-worker, it may distract you from your job and from meeting the childrens needs. D2) Working in a team with other agencies collaborates different practitioners from dif ferent sectors and professions to provide a more effective way of working with children. Children who need additional support can get the right support for their needs. An example of when a multi-agency team would be considered effective and relevant would be if a practitioner follows the Common Assessment Framework because the practitioner believes the child may have some form of learning disability.If proper protocols and procedures are followed, a plan would be tailor-made to suit the childs needs, which may include agencies such as social workers, Doctors, specialists in the disability, and teachers, who would meet to discuss with the childs parents how best to deal with the childs needs. The agencies involved would carry on information on the child to make sure everybody involved in the childs care knows how to effectively care for the child and meet the childs needs.Working with different agencies if beneficial to a child with special needs because each agency specialises in a different sector of care and the information different sectors can provide will be provided to the other agencies involved with the childs care, meaning new knowledge will be passed to different people which could also apply to caring for other children too. An example of when a multi-agency team has failed and the repercussions of their failure is the corrupt P case. Many different agencies had information regarding Baby P, that, if shared, could have saved him from death.Agencies such as social workers and Doctors were involved in the welfare of Baby P, but they didnt communicate effectively. The Baby P case happened after Children Act 2004 was created, which was largely a consequence of the murder of Victoria Climbie, another case of a multi-agency team not communicating effectively, meaning that there are still flaws within a multi-agency team working for the welfare of children. C) Early Years practitioners should listen to the views and opinions of children because what chi ldren have to say is important in learning about the ersonality of the child, and knowing the personality of the child will let you care for them more effectively because you will know how the child learns best and what their likes and dislikes are. Listening to the views of children and valuing their opinions will also higher the childs self esteem and make them rightfully feel like their opinions have worth and are important to people. It will give them confidence to speak up for themselves and the ability to communicate their opinions and ideas more effectively.If a child feels that their opinion doesnt matter, they could become hesitant to join and sum in social groups and feel shy and feel unable to stand up for themselves and what they believe in, which may upset and frustrate them and make it hard for them to make friends. B) Education Act 2002 relates to safeguarding children and making their welfare top-priority. Knowing the boundaries and limitations of your job will help you conform to this piece of legislation and make sure that what youre doing for a child will not put them in danger or put you in danger of going against this Act by accident.It is important that practitioners recognize limits and boundaries of their role. An example of when limits and boundaries should be set is with confidentiality. You must know when its okay to share information about a child and when it is not. Sharing information with another parent about a child that isnt theirs would be inappropriate and would break confidentiality rules but sharing information about a child with another practitioner in the setting would be appropriate as long as the practitioner is also involved in the care of that child.The setting a practitioner is working will also have their own set of policies and procedures. Not following these policies and procedures may get the practitioner into trouble in their workplace and/or put children in danger. Some settings may ask that their practitione rs not hug or kiss children. While some parents are happy to let the people who also care for their children to hug and kiss their child, it may go against the settings policies. When working in partnership with parents, it is essential to know your limits and boundaries as a practitioner.Practitioners must remember that the parent is the childs primary educator and carer and that they have the right to do what they think is best for the child, even if it goes against what the practitioner thinks is best (unless it would put the child in danger). Some parents may not wish for their child to eat certain things, and as a practitioner this must be respected if you gave their child a food that a parent has requested their child not eat, this would be crossing boundaries. A) A child bear on approach promotes the childs right to make connections, communicate and make decisions for themselves.It gives children the freedom to experience, question, search for answers and think independently in a safe environment. Practitioners take a role in letting play develop without them directing it. This enhances a childs creativity and enhances their communication skills. An example of a favourite child centered approach is the Reggio Emilia Approach. This educational philosophy was created by Loris Malaguzzi, a teacher, and the parents of the villages around Reggio Emilia, Italy, after World War II.A school was built from the ruins of the villages because it was the belief of Loris Malaguzzi and the parents of the children who attended the school that the education and care of their children was paramount to rebuilding their society. The Reggio Emilia Approach puts at the heart of its system the image of a child being powerful in their own right. Children are seen as expressing themselves in varied ways known as the hundred languages of children. (www. leixs. gov. uk/using_the_reggio_Emilia_approach_to_personalise_learning. df) Reggio educators do not see children as empty vessels that require educating. They see children as capable of building their own knowledge and being full of potential and competence. Time, and how adults use it, is central to Reggio philosophy. The rhythm and abuse of the child is always given overriding importance This means really having time for childrens thoughts and ideas, and giving value to their work, their conversations and their feelings by slowing down to listen to them. The Reggio Emilia Approach, page 21) Reggio schools allow children to direct their own projects and have free reign of materials and methods. They are watched over by Reggio teachers, but not guided by them. The children learn creativity, communication and problem solving without the guidance of adults. Loris Malaguzzi believed Our task, regarding creativity, is to help children climb their own mountains, as high as possible. (www. community

How Business’s Use ICT Essay

INTRODUCTIONIn this report I give be investigating a telephoner and telling you how and why they role ICT within their familiarity. in like manner I go a trend tell you how development ICT benefits them and tendings them ca-ca around their business smoothly. The company that I impart investigate is the supermarket mega store Asda. The location of the store in which I investigated is Park Royal in London and I went on the 9th and 11th of January 2007. I interviewed Mr Andrew Davies, guest Relations Manager.HistoryAsda Stores Limited was founded by Laura Beth Murray as Associated Diaries and Farm Sores LTD in 1949 however it took practically longer to decide on the representation of the name. Finally it was persistent to use an abbreviation of ASquith and Dairies in 1965. The company went through a troubled period in the early 1990s, scarcely was then revived under the leadership of Archie Norman, who later became a front bench Conservative MP. He was chairman of the c ompany during the period 1996-99. ASDA, which then owned 229 stores, was purchased by Wal-Mart of the United States, on July 26, 1999.Since the putsch ASDA has continued to maintain its headquarters at the then newly holded ASDA House. ASDA House was one of the first of the new large darkice blocks to open as part of the re coachment of the huge ara s step uph of the River Aire from the city centre of Leeds, in the Holbeck district, West Yorkshire. Also, the mission statement for ASDA isGeneral InformationThe international supermarket mega store made its name by just being a supermarket, solely based on food. However, Asda has expanded and now they provide services for* CDs* DVDs* Computer Games* Flowers* Furniture* Mobile Phones* Glasses* Flights* acknowledgement Cards* Clothes* Car rental* Contact lenses* Satellite pilotage Systems* MP3 Players* FoodThis enters how big this supermarket has become and has undergone a transitional period and has now became a multi purpose co operate business. Now, Asda runs it own distri just nowion service which delivers growths to its stores which delivers products to its stores and to customers who shop online. Asda withal has its own clothes designer label called George which is rather popular. Also, Asda has recently introduced 24/7 shopping which is very convenient for deal who work late hours and as well as convenient at additional occasions such as Christmas.Size (Staff/Customers)Asda employs 150,000 so I believe that Asda serves the community well because it provides so umteen jobs for mess within the community. Moreover, Asda supplies a service for over 17 million people in one week in the UK alone. Lastly there atomic number 18 or so 720 workers who work on the ICT network only.DivisionsAs of January 2006 there were 21 Asda super centres, 243 Asda superstores, 37 Asda supermarkets, 5 Asda Living stores, 10 George clothing stores. In addition Asda denote plans to build a minimum of 18 stores across the whole UK and it is expected to create 2000 new jobs. Also, there be twenty four distribution centres and likewise a Head Office.Aims* To comprehensively be recognised as the best supermarket in the UK and excessively be known all around the world.* To provide jobs and shake up high quality goods to all people no matter what age, sex, religion and skin colour at affordable prices.Needs there are legion(predicate) challenges facing Asda and these include* To further their global buying and dealing* To create smaller Asda stores on high streets to provide people with more convenience* To develop their advertisement to ontogenesis their customers* To advertise for healthy eating* To expand their other divisions including opticians, clothes, electronics, home appliances and 24/7 shoppingMoreover, Asda is trying to meet these aims by using ICT as a dominant figure.Purposes for which ICT is useOverview* Asda uses ICT in come in to ensure that all shelves are full in the stor e. The form of ICT in which they use is glove held terminals, frequently known as HHTs and these work by members of staff typing in barcodes of products and see if they are in profligate. If a product if off the shelves and there is in stock a message burn be sent to re-stock it. Also if the product is out of stock, then you flock make an effectuate to re-stock that authentic product.* Sales keister be recorded by using a device called the Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) along with the prices of the product. This puts Asda at a huge advantage because this Asda knows what product is doing well and what products need further advertisement and promotion to boost its sales events.* ICT is employ to relate head office in the form of e-mail for administrative and executive matters such as particular(a) passing games, income and outcome and staff problems.* Asda view a website where you can shop online and even purchase products which you cant acquire in store and even at a ch eaper price.* Asda as well as offer jobs on their website.* ASDA use videoconferencing to hold meetings with staff or people from other businesses who are unable to be where the meeting is supposed to be held. So they will be face to face over long distances and two rooms will be filled with roughly(prenominal) video cameras microphones and television monitors or PCs.Departments in ASDA* Sales & Marketing This involves the sale or distribution of the goods or service provided by ASDA and advertising for sales* purchase This involves buying the goods or service required by ASDA* Finance The pay surgical incision controls all the business regarding money, including cash transactions, budget and cash flow.* Operations Carrying out the main business of ASDA* Production This involves designing and producing products from raw materials or semitrailer finished products.ICT Peripheral Used in Asdas Sales and Marketing Department* Electronic Point of Sale* CCTV* Machine for Self Serving* digital Camera* Scanner* Fax Machine* Online obtain* Hand Held Terminals* Barcode ReaderSoftwares used by the Sales and Marketing Department* Microsoft backchat* Microsoft stick out* Microsoft Access* Sage Sales establish Processing SystemThe move of using the ICTElectronic Point of Sale This can sometimes be referred to as a till or electronic cash register system and this is where transactions happen at Asda and at all other supermarkets and shops. There are many forms of purchase at Asda including cash money, credit card, debit card and even Asda card where you can get special discounts and lastly you can use vouchers to get money off. It is safe to use credit cards in Asda because all you befool to do is swipe your card and enter a 4 digit pin number which only the customer knows. This has increased sales because it is more convenient for customers as it allows customers to afford in all forms of viable wagess. So, a result of using debit and credit card is th at it increases sales because it is user friendly as customer dont have to have cash money to purchase things in AsdaCCTV Asda uses CCTV cameras in their sales discussion section by installing the cameras on the shop floor which monitor the shop floor. So by having these cameras it stops people from stealing from Asda as it scares of thiefs. Also if people actually steal from Asda then they will most probably be caught and prosecuted because CCTV will show their faces minimising the chances of further robberies. So therefore CCTV abets ASDA because it saves them money as less people would consider attempting to rob it.Computers ASDAs sale segment uses computers for several reasons. The most obvious reason why ASDA uses computers is to use databases to store information of customers and sales. The main advantage of using Microsoft Access for this is that you can compile quieries, sort and filters. This saves a lot of timeMachine for Self Serving This was introduced in ASDA earlier this year and has been a massive success. Firstly, I will explain what a ego serving machine is. You place the barcodes of your items on to the barcode reader and the cost of this appears on the privacy and you can pay by inserting cash into the cash machine or credit or debit cards into the appropriate machines and change is distributed as fits. This saves a lot of money for ASDA as it does the job of an employee without having to pay their wages. However, initially it cost more because the machine is quite expensive and the purchasing division makes this order. It will likewise take quite long for ASDA to make a profit but it will and it will be an enormous profit. Also, maybe in the future no human workers will be necessary and then there will just be self serving machines to serve customers.digital Camera digital cameras are used generally in ASDAs sales department for advertising purposes and are related to ASDAs sales department because it helps to increase sales and the refore strengthen the sales department. This happens because the advertisement, through with(p) online and in-store to make customers aware of special offers such as 3 for the price of 2 or buy one get one free. For type, cameras are used to take pictures of the product which ASDA are advertising such as clothes or food or drink. So advertisements are used to get customers to buy a certain product in the store and then attract the customer by helping them save money but really if ASDA sell as much as they hope by the advertisement then they will most probably make a profit altogether although it will take quite long to do so.Scanner A category of scanner which ASDA uses is digital camera scanners which are based on the concept of reprographic cameras. due to the increasing resolution and new features such as anti-shake, digital cameras become an attractive alternative to regular scanners. While still containing disadvantages compared to traditional scanners, digital cameras offer unmatched advantages in speed and portability. This once again isnt really a peripheral used in ASDAs sales department but hugely contributes to the sales department because as explained earlier it is used for advertisement which helps to boost the sales departments actual sales because it encourages customers to buy a certain product.Fax Machine Essentially, a telecommunicate machine is a telecommunication technology used to transfer copies of documents to other people or other businesses to discuss things or to advertise. In the case of ASDAs sales department, they use fax machines to contact customers for special offers or to sell a lot of their stock. Also, when their stock is approaching the end of their season ASDA want to offload this stock and can sell them to other companies by telling them of the offer by faxing them.Online Shopping Online Shopping is the process in which customers can shop without having to go to the shop in person. Customers use the internet and pay by Credit, Visa or Debit cards and the goods they purchase are delivered by ASDA to the address of the customer. Online shopping is beneficiary to ASDAs sales department because it increases sales as more people shop online as it is very convenient for customers. Also, there are many people who are disabled and can not travel to ASDA for some reason online shopping allows them to get their shopping without having to travel to the store itself and this makes more money for ASDA because they are gaining more customers than usual with online shopping.Hand Held Terminals These smart devices are extremely useful in ASDA and help them because they are very time efficient. This is because ASDA workers can type in the barcode of some products and then the machine tells you how many of the products are in stock. This saves time for the ASDA sales department because it takes them seconds to decide whether an order needs to be placed for more stock of the product to meet customer needs quickly a nd efficiently. This in turn benefits ASDAs sales departments because ASDA customers can rely and can trust ASDA to provide a good service for them.Barcode Reader A barcode reader is used in ASDAs sales department to scan the barcode on the surface of products in the seeout to determine the price of the product and then the computer adds all the prices of the products together and calculates a total for the customer. The barcode reader is useful to ASDAs sales departments because it is quick and time efficient and the customers spend minimal time in the checkout queue.The impact of using the SoftwareMicrosoft Word The ASDA sales department uses Microsoft Word to produce documents, for warning and if necessary send e-mails, memos, agendas and mail merge to benefit the department and to save time. ASDA also uses Microsoft Word to compile a financial report which needs to be produced every financial year. This financial report is produced by the companies accountants and makes sure t hat the annual incomes and expenses are all correct and so therefore the net profit is also. Companies only use Microsoft Word to make sure that the report looks professional and has no mistakes.Microsoft Excel This software is vital to ASDA as you can use it to produce graphs and tables based on the finances of ASDA. For example, you can produce a graph on the increase of income over the past five years. This is important to ASDA as it literally gives them a picture of how there finances are going. Also, ASDA can produce charts on what products of theirs are selling well and which are not and so therefore which need to be advertised and priced lower if necessary to increase sales.Sage Sales Order Processing System This computerized system handles sales, purchasing, stock control and accounts. Every time ASDA receives a order the details such as what product has been ordered, the quantity and the bank bill number of the order. This system will automatically check if there are enough of the of the required items in stock to fill the order. Then the invoice is printed out and the quantity in stock is automatically adjusted to show how many of each item is left. Also this system allows ASDA to keep track of who its customers and suppliers, how much customers owe, till much the customer owes to its suppliers and so on.ASDAs Finance DepartmentThe finance department compiles preparation for budgets of new, ongoing and future projects, appropriation of accounts, re-appropriations and savings. The finance department also needs to stay in control of expenditure and not let in spiral out of control. Moreover, ASDAs finance department has to administrate taxes, for example sale tax, entertainment tax or luxury tax amongst many others. Also, the department has to deal with the following ensnares of business* Payroll* Forecast* Budget* Suppliers payment* Credit controlICT Peripheral Used in ASDAs Finance Department* Computers* Fax Machine* Scanners* Debit and Credit Card Machine (ATM)* Digital TelephoneSoftwares Used by ASDAs Finance Department* Microsoft Word* Microsoft Access* Microsoft Excel* Sage Accounting PackageThe impact of using the ICTComputers ASDAs finance department use computers for numerous reasons and without it simply couldnt operate without it. The first reason why computers are used by the finance department is the internet and this enables them to communicate free, quick and easy in the form of e-mail. The finance department uses e-mail to contact accountants, other departments and also customers. Also ASDA uses the internet facility to anticipate future sales and managers need to plan carefully the direction that the business will take in years to come. However, forebode can be a difficult job and so doing this job is aided by the internet and information from it. Once a sales forecast is made, a budget can be drawn up for the new project. This will show what the costs are and how much profit the company can expect to make if they charge a particular price. This is what the finance department is all about forecasting and budgeting.Fax Machine This is prerequisitely much like the use of e-mail as it is a communication decice. However it is actually a telecommunication device and is used by the finance department to contact other departments, stock holders and also suppliers to make orders for items and products. Fax machines are useful for ASDAs finance department because there are some important documents that cannot be sent by e-mail. An example of such documents are contracts, supplier payments and also forecasts and budgetsScanners The finance department uses scanners to insert photographs or other types of images such as graphs and tables into a document. An example of a sort of document which scanners will be used for is a forcast. The finance department will scan graphs of predicted sales into the forecast to show what will have to be done to achieve the aim of the project. Also previous sale tre nds will be inserted into the document. Now the forcast is done the finance department will produce a budget where provided again, a scanner will be used to insert some images into the document. An example of this could be a table where the company can expect to make a certain amount of money if they charge a particular price for an item.Debit and Credit Card Machine (ATM) These pieces of ICT are used in the finance department so that ASDA can pay suppliers and also pay their creditors (who they owe mony to) and basically draw their debts. ASDA also use these machines to pay people, including their employes and suppliers. So these machines are very useful to the finance department because it allows them to go about their business quickly and very efficently.Digital Telephone Although digital telephones are being used less and less frequently due to the revoultionary expansion of the use of e-mail and less so the fax machine. However, telephones are still renowned as the quickest w ay to communicate because with e-mail it is not certain that a person will be on their computer or checking their e-mails when one arrives. Also, e-mails dont make a noise when one is received, and obviously telephones ring so it is still the quickest way to communicate. The finance department will use a digital telephone to talk to the same people as fax machines and e-mail suppliers, other departments and also even customers.The Impact of Using the SoftwareMicrosoft Word The finance department of ASDA uses this software to produce the yearly financial report which takes away the profit the company has made from the expenditure to create the net profit of the year. ASDA uses Microsoft Word for this task as it makes the document look more professional ad the spell check tool allows ASDAs finance department to save a lot of time. Also, the finance department uses Misrosoft Word to compile pay slips for their employees. Pay silps are essential as they show how much the worker ahs made and how much tax has been taken away from the worker. Once again the reason why Microsoft Word is used for this task is to make it look more professional and also save ime because the finance department probably have a template of a pay silp and just have to alter it to match the correct information for each worker.Microsoft Access The finance department use this software to create databases for many reasons. unrivalled is to keep track of their creditors and keep records of wheather they have paid them back or how much they still have to pay back. Also, databases are used by the finance department to keep records of each financial report of the year and see if the net profit of the company is increasing or getting worse. Moreover, Access is mainly used because of the advantages it possess. These are being able to filter, sort and make quieries which saves time.Microsoft Excel ASDAs finance department uses Excel to produce graphs and tables for several purposes. One of these purpo ses is to use graphs to accompany forecasts and budgets. They are used in budgets to show how much money is to be spent on each project. More importantly it is in forcasts to validate their prediction by producing graphs of previous trends to show why they think the company will go in the direction they think.Sage Accounting Package This is special software used by businesses such as ASDA and especially their finance department. It is specially prepared to help the finance business do what they do.ASDAs Purchasing DepartmentThe main functions of the purchasing department is to buy raw materials, semi finished products and fully finished products. Each department works hand in hand with the other ones, for example the purchasing department gets it money from finance, buys the products for production and then it goes on to the sales department. Another one of the main functions of the purchasing department is to order new stock and also to also take a stock count to make sure that th e order is complete. They will need to order things needed for the smooth running of the office, such as stationary and computer equipment, and services such as insurance or hotel rooms if staff have to travel. A clerk in the purchasing department will enter the details of a purchase order and send it to the supplier. They in turn will receive the goods or services and an invoice will be passed on to the Finance Department. The finance department has to take responsibility of stock control and make sure that everything is in order.The purchasing department uses the three main softwares to help them to run their business* Microsoft Word The purchasing department uses this to save letters to suppliers to contact them regarding their stock. They also use this software to save time by mail merging and creating memos.* Microsoft Excel This is used to create graphs, charts and spreadsheets based on suppliers and the products which the purchasing department has bought.* Microsoft Access T his is used for simple reasons, keeping data of suppliers into databases. Also the sort, filter and quires tools are very useful as it saves time when you are looking for a particular person or product.ASDAs Production DepartmentThe whole purpose of ASDAs production department is to produce the products for ASDAs sales department from three states raw material, semi finished products and finished products which just need to be packaged. However, ASDAs production department has many methods in achieving this which I will now tell you about.ICT Peripheral Used in ASDAs Production Department* Robots* ComputersICT Peripheral Used in ASDAs Finance Department* Computer Aided Design (CAD)* Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM))The impact of using the ICTRobots These hi-tech pieces of ICT come in all different shapes and sizes yet all have the same components which are1. Sensors Capture information from the environment.2. A Microprocessor Processes the information3. Actuators Produce movement or alter the environment in some way, for example by turning an electronic switch on or off.Robots are used because they can work in environments which are too on the hook(predicate) for humans to work in. Such environments where ASDA use robots are radioactive environments or deep underwater. Moreover robots can perform horrid and dull tasks, carry level-headed objects and also reach long distances. Further advantages of ASDA using robots are that the quality of work is always consistent unlike humans who can have lapses in concentration and therefore make mistakes. Robots can work twenty-four seven and even work harder than humans. Lastly, ASDA do not have to pay their robots basic each week wages, however, robots are expensive to buy and to install.Computers Computers are used for several reasons in ASDAs production department such as computer control. Here computers are used to control hundreds of processes both in industry and elsewhere. All of the robots and other devices h ave computer chips which control their operation. In ASDAs production department, computers are used to schedule production processes so that machinery is maximally utilized. Also, at ASDA, some workers are paid by piece-work which means that the computer calculates how much work a employee has done and how many products produced. It is then inserted into the system.The impact of using the softwareComputer Aided Design (CAD) These systems allow ASDAs production department to create designs on screen for many of their products. This piece of software lets users create 3-D models with features like volume, weight and centre of gravity. The image can be rotated and viewed from any angle. The advantages of using this piece of software are that images can be scaled and resized without distortion. Also the drawings are device-independent e.g. a drawing can be transferred to a different screen of a different resolution, yet with no distortion. The files which are created by the software ar e generally smaller than for equivalently sized bitmapped images. Lastly, some of the drawings can be made with an pure scale of accuracy.Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) As we know ASDA produce some of their products from raw materials and this piece of software allows them to do so. This software works when the design is end the specifications are input directly into a program that controls the manufacturing of products. The advantages of using this software for ASDAs production department are that this system is very versatile and flexible. For example individual items can be manufactured to a customers exact specification.ConclusionIn conclusion, all departments use ICT and softwares to help them get about their business and without it couldnt simply operate. Also, I have learnt that all the departments go hand in hand. For example, the finance department gives the purchasing department money and then the purchasing department buys raw materials, semi finished and finished g oods and gives it to the production department who makes the products and then gives it to the sales department who obviously sell it for profit. So ICT is essential in all the departments to allow for the easy running of ASDA efficiently and quickly.

Tones, Moods, and Irony in the Canterbury Tales

Forms of speech and intonation are extremely important to capture the attention of the audience, whether it is in writing or spoken aloud. In literature, the author uses approximately literary devices to entice the reader and extract some sort of reaction from him or her. Tone is a literary technique that shows the authors billet towards the audience or reader. The tone of a literary work can be informal, formal, serious, angry, playful, intimate, etc.Similar to tone is mood, which is the created atmosphere with the intention of coaxing a certain sense from the audience, and is created through setting, theme, and tone. Irony, however, is a tone in which the real meaning is contradicted by the words that were used. The Canterbury chronicles by Geoffrey Chaucer is a suitable novel for showing various examples of tone, mood, and jeering through the many dissimilar characters, their personalities, and their narrations. As far as literary tone goes, it is basically the same as the t one used when verbally speaking.Chaucer equilibrate the serious and deathly tales with the tales set for comedy. In the General Prologue, the portrayals of the Knight, the Parson, and the Plowman show a solemn tone while the Prioress, the Monk, the Merchant and many of the others have comical, ironic, and satiric tales which settle in great comedy. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses irony and straightforwardness more often than other tones. In the Wife of Baths Tale, there is real little emotion within the narration.For example, the story goes that for the knights deed, he should die because it is the law. There is no room for argument or hesitation, just prolong the law. The Knights Tale is one of great magnitude. One can notice how Chaucer had honor towards the Knight, because of how grand he is portrayed and how epic his tale is. Everything that happens in the tale feels extravagant and larger than life. The tone of the Knights Tale is Chaucers way of convincing the audie nce that the Knight is worthy and important.Through go forth the entire novel, Chaucer creates assorted atmospheres that point out that not only are the characters traveling together, but some of them also have relations with one another. Sometimes, there are ready shifts of mood from sincerity to mockery and form criticism to sarcasm. Chaucer makes it clear that there is tension and hostility between the Reeve and the Miller in the General Prologue and their tales. The Miller, drunk, tells what seems to be a parody of the Reeve and includes that the Reeves wife has been cheating on him. As a comeback, the Reeve tells a tale astir(predicate) a miller who gets tricked and cuckolded.In addition to showing issues in the relationship, Chaucer also forms a comedic atmosphere through the novel. Chaucer makes a parody out of the Church, showing how all of the religious travelers in the story are, instead of being models of holiness, they are corrupt, break their vows, and are definitely not models of holiness. Ironically enough, the narrator, who is called Chaucer, gives the reader the impression that he is naive, but sometimes turns out to be knowledgeable about how the travelers want to be portrayed and how they actually are.When he describes the Monk, Chaucer agrees with the Monks opinions of how a monk is supposed to really act, whereas when he describes the Prioress, Chaucer paints her portrait to appear like a woman of high class while in reality, the Prioress is just a Nun who is concerned with how etiquette and how she eats. The excusers Tale is one that shows the most irony, because the three men vow to die for each other, but in the end, they kill each other. Also, what the Pardoner does is ironic because he makes people happy when they unknowingly fall for his tricks.Another example of irony is in the Franklins Tale when the rocks that Dorigen prays for disappear, all the trouble begins. The Millers Tale is also ironic because since John is concerned t hat his wife would cheat on him, he becomes extremely jealous and possessive, which makes his wife cuckold him. The travelers all have different reasons for telling his or her own tales, whether it is to make fun of someone else in the group, to make the rest of the travelers laugh, to show off, to confess, or to give a story of honourable exemplum.With each story comes both different or similar moods and outcomes, and some even include moral teachings. Chaucer as the narrator wrote by memory about the profiles and stories told by the travelers. He included whether or not he liked certain travelers and how he felt about them just by how much or how little he wrote. The Canterbury Tales is a novel full of comedy, satire, irony, and reality. It is a cornucopia of tones and moods. The Canterbury Tales is truly a masterpiece of literature.

Buff Spalding †Manager’s Workshop Essay

Part I Decision History caramelized sugar Spalding Situation burnish Spalding seems to have all the personal skills necessary to be roaring but is not. Everyone appears to like rooter, and he is quite helpful to his coworkers, but it is not clear how buffer storage maintains his life style given his low earnings. How would you begin your parley with Buff? You intractable to Ask to accompany Buff on several gross sales calls. Results You accompanied Buff on several sales calls. You find Buff has very good sales skills but is violating company insurance policy by selling real estate to his clients. What would you do next?You decided to Ask more(prenominal) or less the company discreetly to find out more active Buffs reputation as a salesman and how he is able to maintain his life-style when his earnings ar so low. Results You tried to find out more about how Buff is able to maintain his lifestyle despite his low earnings. You cope with proof that Buff is violating comp any policy by selling real estate to his zed clients. What would you do next? You decided to Consult with your superior about how to handle the situation. Results You consulted your boss about how to deal with Buffs low process and violation of company policy.She informs you that you must correct this situation but without creating more difficulties for the company than necessary. What would you do next? You decided to Call Buff in and ask him if the rumors you have heard argon true. Results You asked Buff if the rumors about his outside deals are true. Because you have clear evidence, he cannot deny your charge. You also learn that he does not highly value the income his Omega labor provides. How would you deal with the violation of policy? You decided to Tell Buff that he has a choice.He can either surrender or end his real estate dealings. If he doesnt resign, you expect him to deliver a plan within 48 hours for ending his real estate involvements. Results You told Buff that he either needs to resign or give you a plan for ending his real estate dealings. Buff gives you a plan that requires six months to execute and offers to resign if the plan does not work. How would you suffice? You decided to Call Buff and attempt to find out why he wants six months to make his plans about resigning. Results You explored why Buff wants to stay on the job for six months.He says he may want to sell real estate full time, but he really likes the people at Omega. tally to Buff, it will take him six months to execute his plan. What would you do next? You decided to Try to negotiate a deal with Buff in which you would maintenance him on in a limited capacity. Results Because Buff was being rewarded for not performing his job effectively, it appeared there was little you could do to motivate him to increase his performance. Your finality to negotiate a deal with Buff to reduce the negative electrical shock on the company was successful.Part II Decision Analysis and Ap plication Buff Spalding is a Sales Representative for Omega and has been employed with the organization for eight years. The report responsibility of Sales Representatives is to make business calls to physicians and pharmaceutical wholesalers in an run to sell Omegas products. Buff possesses a Bachelor of Science Degree in Marketing which fits very well with the job that he holds. Buffs employment background prior to Omega includes sales roles within the automobile, clothing and real estate industries. He is a professional golfer as well.Buff works on a team of twelve Sales Representatives. His job performance with the company has been solid until the last ii years. Job action Performance at Omega is measured in several ways including sales volume, percent of physicians hittinged, and days of wholesale supply. In terms of sales volume, in the last two years Buff has been ranked last or second to last when compared to the other Sales Representatives on his team. While the standa rd percentage of physicians contacted is ninety percent, Buff has scarce contacted s make upty percent. Lastly, days of wholesale supply is also measured.If wholesale inventory drops below fifty days within a sales territory, retailer stockouts occur. Whenever a stockout occurs, retailers substitute Omegas product with another manufacturers product, therefore causing Omega to fall asleep business. Buffs days of wholesale supply is forty two days, causing Omega to lose business due to stockouts occurring. Buffs manager has held two discussions with him in the past regarding his performance. The Interview Due to Buffs performance issues, an interview was conducted in an effort to identify why Buffs performance was substandard.Through the interview process, it was determined that Buff was utilizing his professional relationships with Omega customers, physicians and pharmaceutical wholesalers, in order to sell real estate deals. This action is not only unethical however, it is also a violation of company policy. Theory Application Even though Buff was a natural fit for a sales role, had a great personality, connected very well with his team, and was motivated to succeed his motif was not directed correctly. According to Dunham, direction and potency are key components of the theory of motivation (2004).In order for an employee to be successful, it is meaning(a) for employers to find ways to influence an employees direction and the amount of intensity to utilize (Dunham, 2004). Dunham cites that even though an individual starts off in the correct direction with the correct amount of intensity, at times, they locate another target that is more attractive, thus pulling them away from the original direction they were intended to follow (Dunham, 2004). This theory is applicable in Buffs situation. During the first six years of Buffs employment at Omega, his performance was strong and he was effectively doing his job.Within the last two years of employment howeve r, the real estate business became more enticing to him thus pulling him away from his original role. Aldefers ERG Theory in regards to needs applies in Buffs situation as well. According to Dunham, every individual has a very complex set of needs that should be met in order for them to be satisfied with their job roles and continue to be engaged at work (2004). In Buffs situation, initially he was very satisfied with his role as Sales Representative for Omega however, after six years his needs changed.This change may have occurred due to number of things including his need to be challenged, recognized, be creative, take encounters, have a manager who provided quality supervision, and feel accomplished. In Buffs situation, while he enjoyed the sense of security that Omega provided, he was more appealed by the risk and financial rewards that the real estate industry offered. Lastly, the concept of performance management applies in the case of Buff Spalding. Buffs performance issues existed for a outcome of two years prior to them being addressed by his manager.In order for employees to remain engaged in their work, it is imperative that measureable goals are set and employees are held accountable for meeting the goals. It is also important to reward employees for their successes and achievements. Due to Buffs needs not being met, his lack of motivation to conduct his job role, and the lack of accountability that his manager provided he was enticed to take a risk that violated company policy therefore leading to the termination of his career at Omega.Interview ResultsBuff violated a company policy whenever he made the decision to sell real estate to Omega customers. Due to this action, it was decided that Buff had to either resign his role at Omega or cease his real estate side business. When faced with the decision, Buff decided to resign his role at Omega. In order to ensure that customer relationships were minimally impacted, a decision was made to allow Bu ff to train his second-stringer and contact his current Omega customers to advise them of his decision to leave the organization.While this solution could be viewed as one that was very lenient in nature, it minimized the impact on the customers therefore, making it the right thing to do. In the end, allowing Buff to personally tell his customers about his decision to leave the company and providing him with the opportunity to train his replacement allowed for a smoother transition for the customers, therefore saving their business relationships.In conclusion, all employees are motivated in one way or another. It is important for managers to closely manage their team in order to ensure that performance issues are addressed promptly and to provide direction to employees regarding the direction and level of intensity within their careers. Additionally, managers should set performance goals for their employees and continually track them to ensure that they are being held accountable f or meeting the goals.Even though Buff was very motivated, unfortunately, his motivation was not to serve Omega customers in the way that he should have, thus causing Omega to experience a decreased sales volume and lose business. In order to prevent this in the future, the Regional Sales Manager should be proactive in holding performance discussions with the Sales Representatives, set mensural goals for them to work towards achieving, ensure that they remain on target to meet their goals and are held accountable if not, and recognize the Sales Representatives for their accomplishments along the way.